Introduction
Japan, as a country with a significant aged population has recognized the profound impact of climate change on all aspects of society. Japan is highly exposed to weather hazards such as tropical storms, heavy rains, and floods. Japan has experienced hurricanes more than the global average. However, Japan’s capacity to mitigate and respond to meteorological hazards is high. So far, there has not been a comprehensive study investigating the strategies of other countries for adapting to the risks of climate change so that they can be used for climate change management in Iran. Therefore, this research aims to study Japan’s strategies and plans for adapting to the risks of climate change. 

Methods
This is a descriptive review study. The related information was collected using a library method by reading books, documents, or articles found in databases such as Elsevier and Scopus using related keywords. The data related to the severe impacts of climate change on coastal cities, seas, coastal flooding, and coastal erosion in Japan were identified and discussed.

Results
In response to the various impacts of climate change, Japan passed the climate change adaptation act in December 2018. the Japanese cabinet approved the national adaptation plan in accordance with this act in 2021.
In Tokyo, the underlying policy before 2019 was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020 compared to 2000. In 2019, the greenhouse gas emissions in the city reached 62 million tons, representing a decrease of 0.3% compared to the emission level of 62.2 million tons in 2000. In February 2022, Tokyo announced some accelerated measures to achieve a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 2000.
In response to the high risk of heatstroke caused by climate change, the Japanese government established the “Heatstroke Prevention Plan” in March 2021. After collaboration with local communities and industries, the plan was revised in March 2022 to strengthen measures to prepare for extreme heat events. The plan’s medium-term goal was to reduce the number of heatstroke deaths (an approximate five-year moving average of 1,295 deaths by 2022). To adapt to the heat-related effects caused by climate change, the measures were categorized into two groups: soft and hard measures.
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry discussed the Strategic Energy Plan 2018 for phasing out inefficient coal-fired plants, mainstreaming renewable energy, and challenging decarbonization by 2050. In addition, the Ministry published a policy document in July 2019 that indicates carbon neutrality by 2050. The Growth Strategy Council argued in July 2020 in favor of transitioning to a decarbonized society and promoting green finance. The domestic movements, as well as international events such as the November 2020 pro-climate action under Joe Biden (US President) administration, set the stage for Shuga’s cabinet to approve the “Green Growth Strategy through Carbon Neutrality in 2050” during the Growth Strategy Council meeting. This strategy identifies 14 high-priority industries across growth sectors to achieve zero neutrality by 2050.

Conclusion
Due to the increasingly important and widespread impact of climate change, climate change adaptation has become as important for climate change mitigation for many cities in Japan. Urban development, regeneration, and renovation of cities in Japan are so important that it can be called a city-country; a country that, due to becoming a modern and advanced city in the world, is almost free of worn-out fabric, because it is constantly exposed to natural and man-made disasters, and the buildings and neighborhoods are constantly renovated and reconstructed to be more resistant against earthquakes and unexpected events. Japan is a country where people mainly live in megacities and metropolises, and their activities are concentrated in the center of the city, and there are not many activities in the city outskirts. According to the World Bank’s development indicators, Japan’s urban population in 2022 was 92%. Therefore, urban development and renewal of worn-out fabric are of great importance for adapting to the risks of climate change.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
In this study, all ethical principles were observed. Since no experiments on animal or human samples were con- ducted, no ethical code was obtained.

Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-forprofit sectors.

Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, interpretation of the results, and drafting of the manuscript. Each author approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.


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