Introduction
Considering that the important economic, political, cultural, and social centers are located in cities, their readiness to deal with crises should always be considered by the relevant experts. Therefore, urban security is considered one of the important challenges of urban planners and managers. In this regard, the passive defense approach in urban planning and residential and non-residential buildings in cities has been considered to deal with natural and human threats and crisis management. Evaluating the compatibility of architecture and urban design elements with the principles of passive defense and its prioritizing is one of the main objectives of urban security. Eslamshahr city in Tehran province is one of the challenging areas in the field of architecture and passive urban defense. The present study aims to develop a conceptual model for the architectural compatibility of urban buildings in Eslamshahr with passive defense principles by assessing the compatible and incompatible elements and identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to provide the essential strategies. 

Methods 
This is a quantitative-qualitative study. The data were collected using a library method and through in-depth semi-structured interviews and group conversations with 30 experts in the field of urban security in Eslamshahr. The data analysis has been done using tests such as binominal test, one sample T-test, exploratory factor analysis, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) technique. 

Results 
The results showed that most elements of architecture for residential and non-residential buildings in Eslamshahr were incompatible with principles of passive defense. The most important reasons were: failure to comply with urban development rules in some areas of the city, a population of immigrants from different towns to the city making a change in the lifestyle of the city, lack of proper monitoring of constructions, low awareness of the people and the authorities about the passive defense criteria, the use of non-standard materials in the construction of buildings in some areas, lack of proper supervision by the municipality and the Housing and Urban Development Organization, construction of heavy buildings with weak columns, lack of attention to the internal access routes, improper construction of vital city facilities, the use of glass in the façade of many buildings including commercial buildings, lack of attention to adding escape stairs in tall buildings, spatial–temporal inconsistency of the buildings, lack of coordination between the tasks of organizations and institutes involved in urban construction, lack of a comprehensive land survey plan accepted by all involved organizations. Accordingly, some strategies were proposed to eliminate incompatible elements and strengthen the compatible elements, which were mainly related to public participation, developing rules and plans for important and renovation of buildings, spatial coordination, and citizenship education.

Conclusion
The results of the present research led to developing a model to clarify the compatibility of the passive defense criteria of urban constructions, which was based on four main categories including stimulating factors, developing factors, directing factors, and supportive factors. This model, designed with the structure of a car wheel, can become the basis for the development of sustainable and safe architecture of urban buildings in Eslamshahr 

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were observed in this study .

Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors

Authors' contributions
The authors contributed equally to preparing this article.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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