Introduction
The high speed of urbanization in developing countries has led to the settlement of half of the world's population in urban areas. Most of these areas with high population density, unprincipled development, wide geographical area, and accumulation of facilities and human resources are exposed to hazards. In general, there are two types of disasters, man-made and natural. Natural disasters occur due to natural factors (such as climatic and tectonic changes) and cause financial and human losses. Man-made disasters occur due to incorrect human functions in administrative, political, economic, and social systems and have always been one of the main concerns in human societies. Considering the existing constructions in Urmia, West Azerbaijan province of Iran, and the lack of attention to the passive defense principles by the authorities, there is a lack of coordination between urban planners and passive defense experts in this city. By establishing a proper link between them in urban development projects, it is possible to increase the stability of the city and create urban security. 
Principled and logical planning according to the characteristics and facilities of the region is important to reduce vulnerability and loss of life and money. In Urmia City, no special planning has been made regarding urban management and construction to comply with the passive defense principles; if natural or man-made disasters occur, the possibility of serious risks will be very high in this region. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to find the optimal location for backup land uses in Urmia City with a historical urban fabric from the point of view of passive defense experts.

Methods
This is descriptive/analytical study with a longitudinal design. The data collection was done using library method, field study, and a questionnaire. Participants were 10 experts from city headquarters, municipality, engineering organization, and crisis management organization, who were selected purposefully. In the present study, the analytic network process (ANP), a dynamic and comprehensive model, was used to locate fuel centers, fire stations, and hospitals in Urmia according to opinions of experts. For this purpose, the network structure of the model should be created using the elements such as goal, main criteria, and sub-criteria. The criteria used for finding location were determined based on the literature review in such a way that have the highest degree of compliance with the selected technique (ANP).

Results
In locating fire stations, the findings showed that Ali Gorge neighborhood and a part of the Hezaran neighborhood had completely suitable areas for establishing fire stations, while Yurdshahi and Delgosha neighborhoods had completely inappropriate areas. In locating fuel stations, the findings showed that Ali Gorge neighborhood had a completely suitable areas for establishing fuel stations, while Bazarbash neighborhood had completely inappropriate areas. Finally, in locating hospitals, the findings showed that Ali Gorge and Haft-Asiab neighborhoods had completely suitable areas for the construction of hospitals, while Yurdshahi and Bazarbash neighborhoods had completely inappropriate areas. Compared to the results of Shahbazi et al. (2021), there is no proper and uniform distribution in the historical area of Urmia. Compared to the results of Aftab et al. (2017), the district 4 in Urmia with a historical area is a vulnerable region. One of the limitations of this study is the lack of location prediction based on the future spatial changes, and the results are specific to the current time and situation. With fundamental spatial changes in the study area, the optimal locations need to be re-evaluated.

Conclusion
Overall, it can be concluded that the Ali Gorge neighborhood is a more suitable location for backup land uses in Urmia City. Therefore, the city administrators should pay special attention to this neighborhood. 

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were observed in this study .

Funding
This study was extracted from the masters’ thesis of Mohammad Feri, registered by the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.

Authors' contributions
The authors contributed equally to preparing this article.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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