Introduction
With the expansion of urbanization and the increase in the population of cities, urban management and the management of natural disasters are not possible in the traditional way. The city of Tehran is facing serious challenges in the field of disaster management due to the excessive increase in population and activity. On the other hand, this city is located in a disaster-prone area. There is a need to collect and analyze a large amount of data from Tehran using modern and smart technologies to be able to prepare well for natural disasters by predicting the future and creating scenarios for possible crises. This study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) and opportunities and threats (external factors) of smart crisis management in Tehran and provide strategies for risk mitigation and proper preparedness.
This is an applied quantitative-qualitative study. To understand the current situation, a semi-structured interview method was used, during which 10 experts in the fields of smart city, crisis management, and urban planning were interviewed. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis method was used in this study. After identifying the strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) and opportunities and threats (external factors) using the opinions of experts, they were prioritized. Research strategies were extracted from the intersection of these factors, which were prioritized using the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM).
The score of internal factor evaluation (IFE) matrix was 2.333 and the score of external factor evaluation (EFE) matrix was 2.351. In the strategic position and action evaluation (SPACE) matrix, the appropriate strategic position to deal with the problem of smart crisis management in Tehran was the defensive position (WT). Based on the score of QSPM, strategies WT3 with a total attractiveness score of 5.593, ST5 with a total score of 5.127, WO3 with a total score of 5.125, WT2 with a total score of 5.055, WO4 with a total score of 5.009, and SO1 with a total score of 4.988 were reported as the main priorities.
After examining the 23 strategies obtained with the highest total attractiveness scores, it was found that the strategic priorities for risk mitigation and preparedness stages of smart crisis management in Tehran included: 1) Preparation of risk map and identification of urban facilities and equipment with incorrect location and combining it with areas with the highest amount of unprincipled constructions; 2) Prioritizing disaster-prone areas and optimal allocation of limited resources to reduce risk in these areas; 3) Online monitoring of constructions in high-risk areas; 4) Using online databases to locate and correct the location of existing and future facilities; 5) Formulating laws prohibiting construction in areas prone to flooding to prevent the increase of population and activity in these areas and reduce financial and life costs, and their monitoring by public institutions located in these areas to ensure the implementation of laws and timely notification; 6) Creating an intelligent management system for the renewal of worn-out urban fabrics and to collect information on these fabrics online and register beneficiaries for integrated participation.
It is recommended that city administrators and related organizations and institutions invest in the field of information collection and analysis infrastructure in an integrated manner, and consider executive priorities in the field of online identification of high-risk areas, construction monitoring systems, worn-out urban fabric management system, and placement of sensors using Internet of Things technology to collect up-to-date and reliable data. There is a need to seriously consider the implementation of crisis management rules in organizations and during the constructions so that weaknesses can be reduced and prepared against future threats. The limitations of the current study include the lack of access to some urban information in the field of crisis management, the lack of access to some managers in the field of crisis management and smart city, and the lack of information on the actions taken in the field of smart crisis management in Tehran. It is recommended that in future studies, the response and recovery stages of crisis management be addressed and the strategies required for these stages be presented.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
The principles of research ethics have been observed in this article.

Funding
This article is extracted from a research project titled "Developing Crisis Management Strategies in Smart Cities" at the Defensive Science Research Center.

Authors' contributions
Methodology, funding acquisition, resources, supervision: Ali Azizi and Hossein Eskandari Sedgh; Writing: Hossein Eskandari Sedgh; Editing and review: Ali Azizi; Conceptualization, investigation, writing initial draft: All authors.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.


References
Akande, A., Cabral, P., Gomes, P., & Casteleyn, S. (2019). The Lisbon ranking for smart, sustainable cities in Europe. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, 475-487. [DOI:10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.009]
Alamanda, D. T., Anggadwita, G., Raynaldi, M., Novani, S., & Kijima, K. (2019). Designing strategies using IFE, EFE, IE, and QSPM analysis: Digital village case. The Asian Journal of Technology Management, 12(1), 48-57. [DOI:10.12695/ajtm.2019.12.1.4]    
Abya, H., Khalili, M. M. N., Ebrahimi, M., & Movahed, A. (2015). Strategic planning for tourism industry using SWOT and QSPM. Management Science Letters, 5(3), 295-300. [DOI:10.5267/j.msl.2015.1.009]
Baharlooyi, H. R., Moughali, M. (2019). [Opportunities and threats of the smart city in the process of crisis management (Persian)]. Paper presented at: The 14th Congress of the Iranian Geographic Society, Tehran, Iran, 4 May 2019. [Link]
Behzadfar, M. (2003). [Necessities and obstacles to create a smart city in Iran (Persian)]. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, 15, 14-27. [Link]
Bilotta, G., Cappello, A., & Ganci, G. (2022). Formal matters on the topic of risk mitigation: A mathematical perspective. Applied Sciences, 13(1), 265. [DOI:10.3390/app13010265]
Breakspear, A. (2013). A new definition of intelligence. Intelligence and National Security, 28(5), 678-693. [DOI:10.1080/02684527.2012.699285]
Buhl, M., & Markolf, S. (2022). A review of emerging strategies for incorporating climate change considerations into infrastructure planning, design, and decision making. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 8(sup1), 157-169. [DOI:10.1080/23789689.2022.2134646]
Chaudhary, M. T., & Piracha, A. (2021). Natural Disasters—Origins, Impacts, Management. Encyclopedia, 1(4), 1101–1131. [Link] 
Denzin, N. K. (1978). Sociological methods: A source book. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. [Link]
Elango, N., & Arul, C. (2022). Ecosystem-based disaster management planning for the Eastern Coast of India. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(1), 83-89. [DOI:10.2112/jcoastres-d-22-00031.1]
Elvas, L. B., Mataloto, B. M., Martins, A. L., & Ferreira, J. C. (2021). Disaster management in smart cities. Smart Cities, 4(2), 819-839. [DOI:10.3390/smartcities4020042]
Eremia, M., Toma, L., & Sănduleac, M. (2017). The smart city concept in the 21st century. Procedia Engineering, 181, 12-19. [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.357]
Farzadnia, A., & Parapari, D. ( 2018). [The impact of smart cities on crisis management, a case study: Japan (Persian)]. Paper presented at: Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning of the Islamic World, Tabriz, Iran, 10 May 2018. [Link] 
Garcia-Retuerta, D., Chamoso, P., Hernández, G., Guzmán, A. S. R., Yigitcanlar, T., & Corchado, J. M. (2021). An efficient management platform for developing smart cities: Solution for real-time and future crowd detection. Electronics, 10(7), 765. [DOI:10.3390/electronics10070765]
Gheisari, M., Pham, Q. V., Alazab, M., Zhang, X., FernandezCampusano, C., & Srivastava, G. (2019). ECA: An edge computing architecture for privacy-preserving in IoT-based smart city. IEEE Access, 7, 155779-155786. [DOI:10.1109/access.2019.2937177]
Ghorbani, Z. (2021). [Crisis management in the smart city: Basics and typology (Persian)]. Paper presented at: The Fourth National Conference and The First International Conference on The Aplication of Advanced Spatial Analysis Models in Land Use Planning, Yazd, Iran, 3-4 March 2021. [Link] 
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007). City-ranking of European medium-sized cities. Cent Reg Sci Vienna UT, 9(1), 1-12. [Link]
Guha-Sapir, D., Hoyois, P., Wallemacq, P., & Below, R. (2016). Annual disaster statistical review 2016: The numbers and trends. Brussels: Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). [Link]
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. ECTJ, 30(4), 233-252. [Link] 
Gupta, M., Shri, C., & Agrawal, A. (2015). Strategy formulation for performance improvement of indian corrugated industry: An application of SWOT analysis and QSPM matrix. Journal of Applied Packaging Research, 7(3), 60-75. [Link] 
Habibi, Gh. (2014). [Methodological insight (Persian)]. Tehran: Ketabehame. [Link]K]
Hämäläinen, M. (2020). A framework for a smart city design: Digital transformation in the Helsinki smart city. In V. Ratten (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and the community. Contributions to management science (pp. 63-86). Cham: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-23604-5_5] 
Hartama, D., Mawengkang, H., Zarlis, M., Sembiring, R.W., Furqan, M., & Abdullah, D., et al. (2017). A research framework of disaster traffic management to Smart City. Paper presented at: 2017 Second International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), Jayapura, Indonesia, 01-03 November 2017. [DOI:10.1109/iac.2017.8280607]
Hassankhani, M., Alidadi, M., Sharifi, A., & Azhdari, A. (2021). Smart city and crisis management: Lessons for the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7736. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph18157736] [PMID]
Jayasekara, R. U., Jayathilaka, G. S., Siriwardana, C., Amaratunga, D. G., & Haigh, R. P., Bandara, C. S. (2021). Identifying gaps in early warning mechanisms and evacuation procedures for tsunamis in Sri Lanka, with a special focus on the use of social media. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 14(1), 1-20. [DOI:10.1108/ijdrbe-02-2021-0012]
Kamali, Y., & Mirzaei , J. (2018). [Comparative study of disaster management structure in Iran, Japan, India And Turkey (Persian)].  Strategic Studies Of Public Policy, 7(25), 245-289. [Link]
Kamranzad, F., Memarian, H., & Zare, M. (2020). Earthquake risk assessment for Tehran, Iran. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(7), 430. [DOI:10.3390/ijgi9070430]
 Kanani Moghadam, S., Shieh, E., Behzadfar, M., & Zarabadi, S. (2019). [Necessity of urban landuse planning adaption to smart city; considering the effects of information and communication technology adapting AHP (Persian)]. Urban Management Studies, 10(35), 59-75. [Link]
Khare, A. B., & Sharma, M. K. (2016). Integrated Governance (i-Gov) Framework for E-governance (IFEG), using ERP in Uttarakhand. Journal of Computer Engineering, 18(3), 44-49. [Link]
Kulandaivel, R., Balasubramaniam, M., Al-Turjman, F., Mostarda, L., Ramachandran, M., & Patan, R. (2019). Intelligent data delivery approach for smart cities using road side units. IEEE Access, 7, 139462-139474. [DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2943013] 
Li, H., Liu, Y., Qin, Z., Rong, H., & Liu, Q. (2019). A large-scale urban vehicular network framework for IoT in smart cities. IEEE Access, 7, 74437 - 74449. [Link]
 Li, F., Nucciarelli, A., Roden, S., & Graham, G. (2016). How smart cities transform operations models: A new research agenda for operations management in the digital economy. Production Planning and Control, 27(6), 514-528. [Link]
Manan, A., Sanjaya, H., & As-syakur, A.R. (2023). Landscape planning for tsunami disasters mitigation on Denpasar Coastal Zone. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1127, 1-9. [DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/1127/1/012022]
Molina, M. (2020). What is an intelligent system? arXiv preprint, 1-21. [Link]
Monzón, A. (2015). Smart cities concept and challenges: Bases for the assessment of smart city projects. Paper presented at: International Conference on Smart Grids and Green IT Systems, Lisbon, Portugal, 15 October 2015. [Link]
Mallick, S. K., Rudra, S., & Samanta, R. (2020). Sustainable ecotourism development using SWOT and QSPM approach: A study on Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 8(3), 185-193. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.06.001]
Nalla, V., Johnson, C., Ranjit, N., Sen, G., Peddibhotla, A., & Anand, M.C., et al. (2022). Considering curriculum, content, and delivery for adaptive pathways: Higher education and disaster resilient infrastructure in the Indian urban context. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 8(sup1), 143 - 156. [DOI:10.1080/23789689.2022.2134645]
Nazir, M. S., Alturise, F., Alshmrany, S., Nazir, H. M. J., Bilal, M., & Abdalla, A. N., et al. (2020). Wind generation forecasting methods and proliferation of artificial neural network: A review of five years research trend. Sustainability, 12(9), 3778. [DOI:10.3390/su12093778]
Oughton, E. J., Konstantinos, K., Fariborz, E., Dritan, K., & Jon, C. (2019). An open-source techno-economic assessment framework for 5G deployment. IEEE Access, 7, 155930-155940. [DOI:10.1109/access.2019.2949460]
Özer, M. (2023). Education policy actions by the Ministry of National Education after the historical earthquake disaster on February 6, 2023 in Türkiye. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 12(1), 175-186. [DOI:10.14686/buefad.1261101]
Park, S., Park, S., Park, L., Park, S., Lee, S., & Lee, T., et al. (2018). Design and implementation of a smart IoT based building and town disaster management system in smart city infrastructure. Applied Sciences, 8(11), 2239. [DOI:10.3390/app8112239]
Panesir, M. S. (2018). Blockchain application for disaster management and national security [PhD dissertation]. Buffalo: State University of New York. [Link]
Pribadi, K.S., Abduh, M., & Firdaus, A. (2023). Sustainable and resilient infrastructure policy implementation in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4326521]
Pickton, W. D., & Wright, S. (1998). What’s SWOT in strategic analysis? Strategic Change, 7(2), 101-109. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1697(199803/04)7:2<101::AID-JSC332>3.0.CO;2-6]
Pourahmad, A., Ziari, K., Hataminejad, H., & Parsa Pashabadi, Sh. (2018). [Explanation of concept and features of a smart city (Persian)]. Bagh-E Nazar, 15(58), 5-26. [Link] 
Prothi, A., Chhabra Anand, M., & Kumar, R. (2022). Adaptive Pathways for Resilient Infrastructure in an Evolving Disasterscape. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 8(sup1), 3-4. [DOI:10.1080/23789689.2022.2148951]
Rentschler, J. E. (2013). Why resilience matters-The poverty impact of disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank. [DOI:10.1596/1813-9450-6699]
Saba, D., Sahli, Y., Berbaoui, B., & Maouedj, R. (2020). Towards smart cities: Challenges, components, and architectures. In: A. Hassanien, R. Bhatnagar, N. Khalifa, & M. Taha (Eds.), Toward Social Internet of Things (SIoT): Enabling technologies, architectures and applications (pp. 249-286). Cham: Springer. [Link]
Sawada, Y., & Takasaki, Y. (2017). Natural disaster, poverty, and development: An introduction. World Development, 94, 2-15. [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.035]
Sepasgozar, S. M. E. (2021). Differentiating digital twin from digital shadow: Elucidating a paradigm shift to expedite a smart, sustainable built environment. Buildings, 11(4), 151. [DOI:10.3390/buildings11040151]
Shah, S. S., Ali, M., Malik, A., Khan, M. A., & Ravana, S. D. (2019). VFog: A vehicle-assisted computing framework for delay-sensitive applications in smart cities. IEEE Access, 7, 34900-34909. [Link] 
Shao, W., Kam, J., & Cass, E. (2022). Public awareness and perceptions of drought: A case study of two cities of Alabama. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 14(1), 27-44. [DOI:10.1002/rhc3.12248]  
Shieh, E., Habibi, K., & Ehsani, M. (2020). [Risk assessment of Tehran subway stations during earthquakes with an approach to reduce physical vulnerability through intelligent urban management (case study: Tajrish, Darvazeh Shemiran, and Navab Subway Stations) (Persian)]. Iranian Architecture and Urbanism, 11(19), 209-229.   [Link]
Singh, T., Nayyar, A., Solanki, A. (2020). Multilingual opinion mining movie recommendation system using RNN. In: P. Singh, W. Pawłowski, S. Tanwar, N. Kumar, J. Rodrigues, & M. Obaidat (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Communication and Cyber-Security (IC4S 2019). Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (pp. 589-605). Singapore: Springer.  [DOI:10.1007/978-981-15-3369-3_44]
Singh, T., Solanki, A., Sharma, S. K., Nayyar, A., & Paul, A. (2022). A decade review on smart cities: Paradigms, challenges and opportunities. IEEE Access, 10, 68319-68364. [DOI:10.1109/access.2022.3184710]
Silva, B. N., Khan, M., & Han, K. (2018). Internet of things: A comprehensive review of enabling technologies, architecture, and challenges. IETE Technical Review, 35(2), 205-220. [DOI:10.1080/02564602.2016.1276416]
Stepaniuk, V., Pillai, J., & Bak-Jensen, B. (2018). Battery energy storage management for smart residential buildings. Paper presented at:  2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Glasgow, UK, 04-07 September 2018. [DOI:10.1109/upec.2018.8541980]
Sørensen, L., & Vidal, R. V. V. (1999). Getting an overview with SWOT. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark. [Link]
The Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2023). Guide for all-hazard emergency operations planning. Washington, D.C.: The Federal Emergency Management Agency. [Link]
Tian, J., Zeng, S., Zeng, J., & Jiang, F. (2022). Assessment of supply and demand of regional flood regulation ecosystem services and zoning management in response to flood disasters: A case study of Fujian Delta. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 589. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph20010589] [PMID] 
United Nations. (2018). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. New York: United Nations. [Link]  
World Bank. (2018). Urban development. Washington, D.C:World Bank. [Link] 
Yu, Z., Cao, W., & Gan, C. (2022). Design of intelligent monitoring and dynamic early warning system for geological hazards. Paper presented at: 2022 China Automation Congress (CAC), Xiamen, China, 25-27 November 2022. [DOI:10.1109/cac57257.2022.10054967]
Zafar, U., Bayhan, S., & Sanfilippo, A. (2020). Home energy management system concepts, configurations, and technologies for the smart grid. IEEE Access, 8, 119271-119286. [DOI:10.1109/access.2020.3005244]
Zhai, L., & Lee, J. E. (2023). Analyzing the disaster preparedness capability of local government using AHP: Zhengzhou 7.20 Rainstorm Disaster. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 952. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph20020952] [PMID]