Introduction
Identifying the factors that lead to the courageous behaviors of employees at the time of crisis increases the knowledge of managers about the effective factors in creating courageous behaviors. Also, it allows managers to develop plans and strategies for better crisis management in the organization and increasing existing capabilities. Improving the capabilities of employees and their commitment and motivation in facing crises, as well as improving their morale and motivation in facing crises, are other achievements of knowing the antecedents of courageous behaviors among employees at the time of crisis. In this regard, the current research aims to identify the factors affecting the courageous behaviors of university staff during crises in Kerman, Iran.

Methods
This is descriptive-analytical survey study based on the positivist paradigm and interpretive structural modeling (ISM). The study population were the personnel of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, including managers, deputies, and experts. Of these, 18 people with at least 5 years of experience in the field of crisis management in hospitals were selected as the samples using a purposive sampling method. First, the factors affecting the moral courage of the employees were prepared by reviewing the literature. Then, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among the experts. The content validity of the questionnaire was more than 0.75, which is acceptable. To measure test-retest reliability, the questionnaire was sent to three experts with a two-week interval. The correlation between the scores in the first and second stages was equal to 0.789, 0.828, and 0.786. Since the coefficient is higher than 0.7, the reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable. Finally, the collected data were analyzed ISM in MATLAB software, version 9 and MICMAC software, version 2.

Results
The findings showed that the antecedents of moral courage among the employees of Kerman University of Medical Sciences included 14 variables at four individual, managerial, organizational and environmental levels. At the individual level, the factors included: Personal values, self-esteem, personality type, and moral model. At the managerial level, the factors included criticism acceptance, leadership, honesty, leader-member exchange. At the organizational level, the factors included: Organizational transparency, culture, and accountability. The fourth level (environmental) was the most fundamental level according to the final matrix of ISM, and the most influential factors were located at this level, which included economic, cultural, political/legal factors. 

Conclusion
The moral courage of university staff at the time of crisis can have a positive effect on the quality of services. When they show courage and self-confidence and do their work correctly and with motivation, they can help improve performance and service quality. Courageous behavior of a medical university staff can lead to increased patient trust in the hospital services and improving their satisfaction with medical care. In addition, this type of behavior can lead to increased motivation and self-confidence in the personnel and medical teams, and increased cooperation and coordination among team members. Therefore, encouraging and supporting this type of behavior in the hospitals is also very important.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles are considered in this article. 

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. 

Authors' contributions
Conceptualization, Methodology, and Research supervision: Hamid Taboli; Research and review, Editing, and Finalization written by: Mahboobeh Askari Bagherabadi; Data collection: Elaheh Sheybani.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the managers and experts of Kerman University of Medical Sciences who helped us in conducting this research.




References