1 2322-5955 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization 110 Special Identifying performance dimensions and indicators of humanitarian supply chain (case of earthquakes) and determining the relationships between them Barani Beyranvand Reza b Sadeghi Moghadam Mohammad Reza c Safari Hossein d b Tehran University, Tehran, Iran c Tehran University, Tehran, Iran d Tehran, Iran , Tehran University, 1 6 2017 7 1 9 24 31 12 2016 14 04 2017 Background and objective: Nowadays, natural and human disasters such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions etc. are increasingly occurring. Due to their specific nature, disasters have many harmful effects on the lives of the Earth dwellers. The extent and severity of the disasters impacts are great enough to attract national and international attention in order to face with them. Hence, humanitarian supply chain management is important before, during and after a disaster. In this regard, the need to find and specify the dimensions and performance indicators in order to assess humanitarian supply chain is highly evident. Earthquake has been historically one of the damaging events in Iran and considering the importance of supply chain management in this event, the present article has been addressed identifying the dimensions and indicators of supply chain performance of earthquakes as well as specifying the type of relationship between them. Method: At first, the literature of humanitarian supply chain and performance evaluation models were studied to find the components of performance evaluation and then, they were screened and classified in terms of structure in cooperation with the experts. After that, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed on the specified structure. Finally, the performance dimensions of humanitarian supply chain were levelled using the FISM technique (Fuzzy Interpretive Structural Modeling). Statistical population of the prsent research includes people and organizations involved in humanitarian supply chain relating to the country's earthquake events. Using questionnaires, expert opinion about the importance of indicators of the obtained model as well as the relationship between the performance dimensions were specified. Findings: In the conclusion of the research, the relationship between all of performance dimensions and indicators were confirmed and a structure including 13 performance dimensions and 44 indicators was specified. In the performance dimensions levelling, the dimension of education was levelled as the first level; the dimensions of handling the survivors, reconstruction and repairing buildings and infrastructure, logistics and coordination were levelled as the second level and other performance dimensions were levelled as the third level. Performance dimensions of education, handling the  survivors, reconstruction and repair of buildings and infrastructure, and coordination were classified  in independent  cluster, the performance dimensions of retrofitting, logistics and relief, and providing water, food and medical services were classified in  implanted  cluster, and finally, the performance dimensions of monitoring and evaluation, space–frame (spatial–physical), improving communication and information management system of earthquake, cost, evacuation and sheltering and storage of supplies and first aids were classified in dependent cluster.
111 Special Sand dunes control methods to prevent the crisis on the Iran railway lines Monavari Iman Mortazavi AliAsghar Amrollahi Abed 1 6 2017 7 1 25 34 01 01 2017 13 03 2017 Background and objective: Moving Sands phenomenon, as a natural hazard in desert areas, has always imposed a lot of damages to the transportation sector; so that 5.5% of all rail lines are located in the sandy areas of Iran. On the other hand, the need of crossing railway lines in the deserts and sand dunes created numerous problems for railways, including the sudden deviation of trains from the railway, numerous blockings, pavement stiffness, wearing devices connecting to line, decreasing immunity and the high costs of maintenance and repair has made it necessary to provide and implement strategies to stabilization sand dunes of the desert railway. Method and Findings: Research in this context has been done by reviewing the literature and field studies attending the railway lines of East Railway Department. Findings: The solutions offered on the problem of fixation of flowing sands before reaching the rails including vegetation, trench and embankment construction, sands traps and building walls  as well as the problem of prevention of entry of sands on tracks such as humped slab track and tunnel have been introduced and discussed in the present research. Conclusion: It can be seen from field observations in East Railway Department that several solutions like planting and slipper walls have been used in the Iranian railway; however, the problem has not been solved completely since the related limitations have not been considered. In some cases, these solutions were useful for a while, but after that, sands have passes the barriers and reached the rail.  In fact, conditions and characteristics of the rail track are such that administrative procedures or methods of sand dune stabilization in the country's rail must be according to Iran's climate, geographical conditions, geomorphology, and soil erosion. Since each solution has their own limitations, the best way is to use the combination of two or more solutions. It should be noted that track and region conditions where tracks have been constructed must be studied in order the use the best combination.  112 Special Investigation the dimensions influencing urban resilience using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) (Case study: Ahwaz city) Hatami Nejad Hossein Farhadi khah Hossein Arvin Mahmood Rahim Pour Negar 1 6 2017 7 1 35 45 02 01 2017 14 03 2017 Background and purpose: by urbanization development, the issues such as urban resilience have attracted the attention for stabling the cities against natural and human disasters. Occurrence of disasters such as floods, earthquakes and hurricanes often have a devastating impact on human settlements, destroy houses and infrastructure, and impose massive socioeconomic effects on communities. Investigation of dimensions influencing urban resilience is in fact studying the way that the social, economic, institutional, political and administrative capacities of communities influence increasing the resilience against natural and human disasters. In this regard, the present research aims to investigate and explain the dimensions influencing urban resilience in Ahwaz city. Method: The present study is an applied research in terms of the purpose and a descriptive – analytical research in terms of the method. In the present study, the economic, institutional-administrative, physical-environmental, infrastructural, social, and environmental dimensions have been investigated as the most important dimensions affecting the resiliency of the city. The Interpretive Structural Modeling(ISM) method was used in order to analyze which is based on expert opinions. For this reason, the views of 15 experts in the field of urban planning and municipal officials in Ahvaz have been used. Then, the collected opinions have been analyzed in Excel software using ISM. Findings: The results show that the effective dimensions were placed in five levels as follows: The highest level is related to the economic dimension; Physical-environmental and institutional-administrative dimensions have been placed in the second level; infrastructural dimension is in the third level; social dimension is in the fourth level, and the lowest level is related to the environmental dimension. Also in the MICMAC analysis, the economic, institutional-administrative, physical-environmental and infrastructural dimensions have been placed in driver cluster; the social dimension  has been placed in linkage cluster, and the environmental dimension has been placed in dependent cluster. Result: the conducted leveling indicates that if no attention is paid to the economic field, the citizen's economic issues and the justice of equal economical enjoyment and outcome, the people's tendency to participate in the components such as cooperation and educational programs, the expanding and development plans , protecting the substructures and environment protection will be decreased and components such as poor neighborhoods, foreworn contextures and rusty living areas are increasingly expanding because the citizens are reluctant to participate in the constructive plans. 115 Special The importance of annual peak outflow trend analysis in flood warning systems Azimi Vahid Hassani Nemat Ebrahimi Kumars Asgary Ali 1 6 2017 7 1 46 54 10 01 2017 15 03 2017 Background and objective: Trend analysis is an important tool to obtain reliable information about the future flooding events in watershed areas. Trend analysis tests can provide valuable information related to potential future flooding events for designing and developing the flood risk reduction measures and early warning systems. The main purpose of the present study is to apply trend analysis on the annual peak discharge in Jajrood watershed. Methods: In the present paper, annual peak discharge data were used at hydraulic gauging stations of Kamarkhani, Bagh Tangeh, Rudak, Latian, Narvan and Ali Abad – Lavark. Mann-Kendall and Sen Slope tests were employed during the trend analyses. Findings: the results indicate that linear trends are positive for all stations except Bagh Tangheh during the study period. According to the Mann-Kendall’s and the Sen’s slope tests results, increasing trend of data was significant in Kamarkhani station at level of 95% and in Aliabad - Lavarak station at the level of 99.9% . Conclusion: Investigating the annual peak discharge trend can be used as an effective factor for developing flood warning systems, flood related policy making, and agricultural insurance. 122 Special Effective Factors in Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction Plan by Grounded Theory Technique Asadian zargar Naimeh 1 6 2017 7 1 55 69 25 03 2017 29 04 2017 Background and objective:  the lack of information and previous experiences of reconstructed areas is one of the most important deficiencies in reconstruction studies in Iran. It is obvious that acquiring experiences from previous reconstructions projects successes and failures can empower governors and executors to plan accurately, increase their readiness and prevent similar mistakes. The main objective of the present paper is to recognize reconstruction major issues after disasters, and then, register and classify unique specifications of reconstruction and the effect of the policies relevant to each recognized issue by studying reconstruction process of destroyed villages in Varzeghan earthquake in 2012.  Method: the present study is based on descriptive and field research methodology which analysis the factors affecting reconstruction using “Grounded Theory”; in order to determine how these factors influence the reconstruction of Varzeghan some questions were asked through investigating previous studies and then, according to these questions, the available deeds and documents such as Housing Foundation Reports, registered events and published papers have been studied and also, exploratory interviews have been conducted with reconstruction specialists and experts engaged in Varzeghan earthquake reconstruction and affected people. Findings: The appropriate policies were adopted in the Varzeghan earthquake for fast reconstruction and its termination before winter such as using steel structures, purchasing materials in bulk through the budget of executor organization before governmental credit deposit and tranferring it to the damaged regions, dividing affected zone into 11 districts, delegating responsibility for the reconstruction of each part to the given headquarters, delegating the right to decide to certain staff in terms of chosing the type of construct and using gable roof structures. However, due to hasty construction, safe-construction knowledge was not transferred and the buildings constructed after completion of reconstruction are usually vulnerable. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that utilizing an enforcer of reconstruction and the adoption of appropriate policies by him, it is possible to complete reconstruction in the least time with the participation of the people and cause construction of resistant buildings. In general, the level of readiness of government and society and predicting post-disaster challenges before it happens, can lead the planners to make right decisions at reconstruction time. 126 Special Natural and manmade disaster risk identification and management in dam construction using AHP method (case study: Haraz dam of Amol city) Ezadi Hosein Fazeli Mojtaba 1 6 2017 7 1 70 82 25 03 2017 24 05 2017 Background and objective: The storage dams always cause environmental problems and the occurrence of various risks due to the creation of major changes in ecological balance and water quality changes. The purpose of the present study is to identify and prioritize the general and special risks related to the Haraz dam including natural and manmade disasters as well as manage the risks. Method: in this paper, the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the Expert choice software was used in order to select and prioritize the most important risks related to Haraz dam. Finally, solutions were presented to properly manage the risks related to Haraz dam. Findings: After creating a hierarchical tree, pair-wise comparison matrix of main criteria for risk assessment as well as risk factors, the results obtained in the first stage criteria (the effects on individual, environment, economy, and the society) were prioritized respectively in terms of importance. Also, after scoring risk factors, separated based on two sub-criteria of intensity and frequency of occurrence, 10 risk factors were identified and selected among 20 risk factors in the first phase to enter the second stage. After entering 10 risk factors in the second questionnaire and scoring them according to main criteria, three most important risks related to Haraz dam were determined including earthquakes and induced earthquake, floods and pollution of the lake, respectively. Conclusion: According to the most important risks threatening the dam, the solutions of creation of delayed and rubber dams and water diversion channels, strengthening the natural walls of natural dam lake, training exercises, notification systems with passive defense measures in earthquake risk, the solutions of engineering activities of watershed in upstream of the dam, engineering operations in the river downstream of the dam, with the aim of breaking the flow of water in flood risk and finally, the solutions of fixing landfill with the construction of underground dam, constructing advanced water treatment plants in the upstream, constructing advanced incineration plants, and exploitation of obtained energy in the risk of contamination of the dam lake were selected and prioritized as the most effective risk management solutions for Haraz dam of Amol city. 132 Special Designing Public Awareness Framework to deal with crisis (Case Study: Tehran Earthquake) Mowlaei Zeinab Taslimi Mohammad.S Haghighi Mohammad 1 6 2017 7 1 83 94 12 04 2017 06 06 2017 Background and objective: The present research seeks to develop appropriate strategies for public awareness on the crisis in order to prepare citizens to cope with the earthquake. Preparedness to face a crisis, like earthquake, needs to increase public awareness. One of the most effective strategies to achieve this goal is to design awareness campaigns. To do so, ACME framework is used in the present study, which includes Audience, Channel, Message and Evaluation as main parts of the model. This framework specifies the position of the four components, and the relationships and connections between the various principles. Method: The Delphi method was used to determine the details of the framework. Accordingly, this method was implemented with the participation of experts from related fields and respondents who provided answers to the designed questionnaire in two rounds. Findings: the research results have shown that children, school students, university students, employed persons, housewives and elderly people are appropriate subgroups for dividing the audience in raising earthquake public awareness. Results: the routes, message formats and methods of evaluation were also identified for the six groups of audience. Finally, the final model has been obtained to design Public Awareness Campaign for the earthquake in Tehran with the help of experts in the field.