1 2322-5955 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization 813 General Proposed Model for Locating New Fire Stations with an Effectiveness-Oriented Approach under Crisis Conditions Using the Best-Worst Method (Case Study: Bandar Abbas City) asghari zadeh ezat alah ameri siyahooei reza mashyakhi nezhad shaghayegh d d tehran 1 Articles In Press 0 0 15 09 2025 08 11 2025 Background and objective: The location of fire stations is a vital factor in fighting fires. Therefore, it is one of the most strategic decisions that the officials face, because its optimal location will lead to the safety and well-being of the people. The purpose of this article is to locate the new fire station in Bandar Abbas with the approach of effectiveness in crisis situations and using the best and worst technique. Method: The main data of the research were collected by Field method and researcher-made questionnaire and the statistical population of the study includes8   people managers and staff experts of the fire department and fire station officials in Bandar Abbas. Then the best and worst technique were used to analyze the data. Findings: According to the results, it was found that Shahid Rajaei Boulevard has importance of 0.461 as the first priority, Then, Town of the Great Prophet and Shahid Bahonar wharf are in the second and third priority with the importance of 0.208 and 0.168 respectively and finally, Imam Hussein Boulevard (AS) with a significance of 0.163 is in the fourth priority. Conclusion: The analyses indicate that by establishing a new station at the proposed location; while increasing the coverage radius, it will reduce the average time it takes for firefighters to reach the scene of the accident and provide timely services. This can lead to a desirable reduction in human and financial losses caused by accidents.  
811 Special Development of an Intelligent Building Damage Assessment Model Using Deep Learning and Attention Mechanism Alavi Seyed Enayatallah e Alvani Nasrin f e Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz f Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 1 Articles In Press 0 0 09 09 2025 07 01 2026 Background and Aims: Natural disasters and military attacks can cause widespread destruction to buildings, making rapid and accurate damage assessment crucial for reducing casualties and speeding up rescue operations0. This study aims to present a novel method for assessing building damage using deep learning and image processing techniques. Methodology: This research introduces a new method based on an encoder-decoder architecture that combines the DeepLabV3+ model with a self-attention mechanism. The xBD dataset, which contains pre- and post-disaster images from various incidents, was used to train and evaluate the model. Findings: The proposed model successfully classified buildings into four damage levels: "no damage," "minor damage," "major damage," and "destroyed". It achieved superior results compared to previous methods with an overall F1-Score of 0.94. Conclusion and Innovation: The primary innovation of this research lies in the simultaneous use of DeepLabV3+ capabilities, the attention mechanism, and data augmentation techniques, which significantly improved detection accuracy. The method can be applied in natural disaster management as well as in passive defense and military scenarios to quickly assess damage from attacks.   839 General An AI-Based Early Warning Model for Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones in Disaster Management Applications Shkerin Alexey g Kalach Andrew h g RTU MIREA (Russian Technological University), Moscow, Russia h RTU MIREA (Russian Technological University), Moscow, Russia 1 Articles In Press 0 0 24 12 2025 13 03 2026 Rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones remains a key source of forecast uncertainty and a major driver of rapid hazard escalation in early warning systems. We propose a lightweight temporal mixing neural model for probabilistic RI prediction from a compact set of physically interpretable, storm center predictors: Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) and vertical wind shear, augmented with 6-24 h lagged values. We also consider storm-wise splits by cyclone identifier and report discrimination with ROC-AUC and average precision, probabilistic accuracy via Brier score and decision-oriented verification with POD and FAR metrics. We apply post-hoc Platt scaling on the validation split and assess calibration with reliability diagrams. On the held-out test split the model achieves strong discrimination with ROC-AUC approximately 0.79 and AP metric approximately 0.20, Brier score approximately 0.054. Based on SHAP analysis, MSLP- and SST- related features identified as most the impactful features for the forecast. All experiments were carried out on a single graphics processing unit (GPU) NVIDIA RTX 5080 Ti. Therefore, the proposed approach is suitable for environments with limited computational resources. 810 Special Assessment of Acoustic Culture Intermixing in Post War Afghan Settlements: A Case Study of the Baraftab Neighborhood in Shiraz mottaki zoheri adib morteza 1 Articles In Press 0 0 06 09 2025 15 04 2026 War, as one of the most significant human-made disasters, leads to consequences such as forced migration and long-term resettlement, which inevitably transform the soundscape and acoustic culture of affected communities. Afghan migrants, upon entering urban settlements in Iran—particularly the Baraftab neighborhood of Shiraz—encounter a different acoustic culture that may generate auditory conflicts and reduce overall quality of life. The present study aims to identify these conflicts and examine the role of spatial form in shaping the reactions of Iranian and Afghan residents to the acoustic environment. The research employed both field-based and library-based methods. The statistical population consisted of Iranian and Afghan households, and data were collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach supported by specialized acoustic and statistical software. The findings indicate that differences in auditory expectations and the quality of sound insulation are the primary sources of neighborhood tensions. The results further suggest that spatial interventions—such as improving residential unit design and enhancing acoustic insulation—can effectively reduce noise disturbances and strengthen auditory privacy, thereby improving residents’ quality of life. 848 Special Safety Risk Management System for Tehran’s Walking and Cycling Paths Based on SSM-FMEA Samadi-Foroushani Marzieh Salehi Mehdi Boochani Mohammad Hossein Ghafari Esmaeel Behzadian kourosh 1 Articles In Press 0 0 14 02 2026 15 04 2026 Objective: The process of urban transport transition towards sustainable mobility by encouraging soft mobility approaches increases the number of two vulnerable user groups, pedestrians and cyclists in urban areas; it requires strategies to reduce travel safety risks. The present study aims to provide a framework based on “learning by doing” with the aim of intervening systematically in the process of identifying and assessing the safety risk of pedestrians and cyclists. The study attempts to identify critical risks and propose agreed solutions to reduce pedestrian and cyclist accidents. Methodology: A hybrid and creative approach of integrating safety risk assessment based on failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) within the framework of soft systems methodology (SSM). This integration provides an action research platform for collective learning of the planners involved in the problem and proposes relatively agreed solutions to improve the safety of pedestrians and cyclists. A systemic intervention in the safety planning process of the pedestrian and bicycle path "Sorzendegi" in the Municipality of District 2 of Tehran has been completed. Findings: With the participation of path safety planners, after two stages of monitoring, 67 safety risks were identified and analyzed in 15 thematic areas including: road safety, structural safety, traffic safety, equipment safety, fire safety, electrical safety, behavioral safety, environmental safety and security, comprehensive safety, emergency medical services, emergency management, safety maintenance, data-driven smart monitoring, transparency and accountability, and continuous learning and improvement. According to the results, 41 risks were identified at a critical level and required immediate preventive action, and 62 targeted actions to reduce the safety risk of the path were partially agreed upon with the participation of planners. Conclusion: The present study is an attempt to frame the process of pedestrian and bicycle path safety risk management and shows how a systematic learning approach provides for the management of safety risks in the process of action and over time. 844 Special A Comparative Policy Framework for Gender-Responsive Disaster Resilience in Iran Rostami Maryam Garakani Seyyed Amirhossein Nejai Athare NDRI NDRI NDRI 1 Articles In Press 0 0 01 02 2026 20 04 2026  The increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters and complex crises have exposed deep structural inequalities, demonstrating that disaster impacts are unevenly distributed across social groups. Gender, as an institutional–social construct, plays a critical role in shaping patterns of vulnerability, access to resources, participation in decision-making, and resilience capacities. Despite the expansion of this literature, a significant gap remains between normative commitments and the institutionalization of gender-responsive policies in disaster governance. This study addresses this gap by developing a context-sensitive policy framework for Iran through a comparative analysis of ten countries, employing a Most Different Systems Design (MDSD). The analytical framework is a six-layered matrix model integrating theories of Fraser, Sen, Nussbaum, Gaventa, Norris, and Kingdon, enabling a multi-dimensional analysis of justice, power, capabilities, social resilience, and policy dynamics. Data were collected through global indices (GGI, HDI, INFORM, and DRI) and systematic qualitative coding of policy documents, with performance assessed using a standardized 0–4 rubric. The findings reveal that countries with structurally embedded gender-responsive resilience share five mutually reinforcing mechanisms: (1) legal–financial commitment through gender-responsive budgeting, (2) multi-level institutional participation of women, (3) capacity-building linked to institutional structures, (4) data-driven and accountable governance, and (5) crisis-induced policy learning. Building on these findings, the study proposes a localized policy model for Iran that translates these mechanisms into the domestic institutional context, thereby reducing the gap between normative commitments and implementation capacity in disaster governance. The results highlight that gender-responsive resilience can only be institutionalized through the simultaneous alignment of these mechanisms. 827 Special Strategies for organizing the physical structure of the Shahid Mahallati flower market in Tehran with a passive defense approach ASKARI SAEID Amani Hamed Feizi Farzaneh Froughi Ali KASIRI ALI HOSEINI KOMLEH MOSTAFA 1 Articles In Press 0 0 10 11 2025 20 04 2026 Passive defense is recognized as a key strategy for reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures to natural and man-made threats. This research aimed to analyze risk and present a physical organization strategy for the Shahid Mahallati Flower Market in Tehran using a passive defense approach. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative-descriptive in terms of method. The required data were collected through documentary studies, field observation, and completing specialized checklists. The risk assessment was conducted by combining FEMA risk analysis methods and the RAMCAP framework (the indigenous method of Iran passive defense organization) and based on the three components of threat, vulnerability, and consequence. The statistical population was all critical assets of the complex (including 600 booths, the management building, the control room, and passages). In this study, for the first time, the principles of passive defense in a flower market (as an example of a highly dense commercial-service center) were systematically and quantitatively measured, and risk numbers were calculated for each asset. The risk assessment results showed that the booths (with a risk score of 222) and the camera control room (with a risk score of 206) were at the highest risk level from threats such as terrorist attacks and riots. The most important reasons are the very high density, irregular layout, vulnerable materials and limited access in the current market structure. Given the high risk level and inherent limitations of the current location, the optimal and sustainable strategy is to relocate the market to a location with good accessibility and integrated design capabilities based on passive defense principles. In the short term, fortification, access organization, and strengthening of protection and control systems are suggested as emergency solutions. This research can be considered a model for risk assessment and organization of similar high-traffic centers.   833 Special The digitalization of the Humanitarian Supply Chain management Safaei Ghadikolaei Abdolhamid Eskandari Shahryar Valipour Khatir Mohammad Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar Iran Ph.D Student, Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Associate Professor, Department o f Industrial Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar Iran 1 Articles In Press 0 0 29 11 2025 16 05 2026 Purpose: This paper specifically investigates thematic patterns and identifies research gaps in the digitalization of the humanitarian supply chain. With the growing need to optimize humanitarian processes, digitalization has increasingly been recognized as a critical approach for enhancing efficiency and transparency in supply chain operations within crisis management. Methodology: Drawing on a systematic review of the literature and thematic analysis, this study examines peer-reviewed publications from 2015 to 2024 and develops a structured framework for analyzing themes and research trends in this domain. Findings: The results indicate that existing studies are clustered around four core themes: drivers and enablers, benefits and potentials, barriers, and challenges and risks. Despite advances in the application of digital technologies in crisis management and humanitarian operations, several critical gaps remain, including the lack of comprehensive theoretical analyses, limited field-based empirical studies, insufficient performance evaluation of digital technologies, and inadequate attention to the cultural, social, and structural dimensions of digitalization. Originality/Value: By extracting the main thematic dimensions and identifying key research gaps, this study provides an integrated framework to guide future research. The findings can serve as a foundation for model development, policymaking, and decision-making in the field of humanitarian supply chain digitalization 842 Special A Conceptual Explanation of the Economic Failure of Urban Infrastructure under Hybrid Threats: A Passive Defense Approach Tahbaz Ali Faghihmaleki Hadi Ayandegan University Ayandegan University 1 Articles In Press 0 0 12 01 2026 02 07 2026 Background and Objective: under conditions of hybrid threats, the vulnerability of urban infrastructures can no longer be explained solely in terms of physical destruction. Rather, functional disruption, reduced service continuity, and disturbances in economic flows may lead to effective infrastructure failure even in the absence of large-scale physical devastation. However, a significant part of the existing literature has examined the physical, functional, and economic dimensions of infrastructure failure separately. This study aims to conceptualize the economic failure of urban infrastructures under hybrid threats and to propose an analytical framework that explains the link between physical damage, functional disruption, and economic consequences from a passive defense perspective. Method: in terms of purpose, this study is developmental, and in terms of nature, it is analytical and conceptual. Its data were collected through document analysis and a targeted review of specialized literature in the fields of hybrid threats, infrastructure resilience and failure, interdependency of critical systems, and the economic consequences of infrastructure disruption. The findings were then structured using conceptual synthesis. Findings: The findings show that the economic failure of infrastructure is not necessarily a direct consequence of physical destruction; rather, in many cases, it emerges through functional disruption and the persistence of operational inefficiency. Accordingly, the conceptual Economic Infrastructure Failure Index (EIFI) is proposed on the basis of three dimensions: physical damage, functional disruption, and economic consequence. The proposed model indicates that hybrid threats, by creating technical constraints, disrupting service delivery, and intensifying economic shocks, can prevent infrastructure from performing its effective economic role even when it retains relative structural survival. Conclusion: The results indicate that, in analyzing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures, an exclusive focus on physical hardening is insufficient. Passive defense policy should also prioritize the preservation of the economic continuity of infrastructure functions.  863 Special Spatial Pattern Analysis of Flood Damage to Infrastructure in the Rural Districts of Babol County Samia Jalal Heidari Rami Mousa University of Mazandaran University of Mazandaran 1 Articles In Press 0 0 14 05 2026 18 07 2026 Abstract Background and Objective: Flooding poses a significant threat to infrastructure, particularly in regions with complex hydrological and topographical characteristics. The Babol county, characterized by its diverse elevation and proximity to riverine systems, is susceptible to flood-induced damage to its transportation and engineering structures. This study aimed to investigate the spatial patterns and density of flood damage across various infrastructure types (roads, bridges, and technical structures) within the rural districts of Babol county. Understanding these spatial distributions is crucial for developing targeted risk assessment and mitigation strategies, prioritizing emergency response, and informing future infrastructure planning. Method: A spatial analytical framework was employed to examine the distribution and clustering of flood‑induced infrastructure damage. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) was applied to generate continuous density surfaces and identify areas with high concentrations of damage to roads, bridges, and technical structures. To statistically assess clustering patterns, Hot Spot Analysis using the Getis‑Ord Gi* statistic was conducted, allowing identification of significant hot and cold spots based on z‑scores and p‑values. The combined application of KDE and Getis‑Ord-Gi* enabled both visualization and statistical validation of spatial concentration patterns within the study area. Findings: The spatial analyses revealed pronounced and non‑random clustering patterns in flood‑related infrastructure damage across the rural districs of Babol county. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) showed that damage intensity was highly concentrated in specific rural districts. The highest density of road damage occurred in Khosh Rud (36.3 per km²), followed by Sajarud (18.4 per km²), indicating strong localized accumulation of damage events. For bridge damage, Khosh Rud, Sajarud, and Drazkola recorded the greatest densities (0.99 per km²). Similarly, the density of damage to technical structures was highest in Drazkola and Sajarud (0.53 per km²), with notable secondary concentrations in Khosh Rud and Babol Kenar (0.32 per km²). Hot Spot Analysis using the Getis‑Ord Gi* statistic confirmed these spatial patterns by identifying statistically significant high‑value clusters. Khosh Rud and Sajarud consistently emerged as 99% and 95% confidence hot spots across multiple infrastructure categories, indicating that the intensity of observed damage in these districts is significantly higher than expected under a random spatial process. In contrast, several rural districts in the northern and southern parts of the county were identified as cold spots, exhibiting significantly lower levels of damage. Conclusion: The spatial analysis of flood damage density highlights specific rural districts (notably Khosh Rud and Sajarud) as critical vulnerability hotspots for infrastructure in Babol County. The consistent high damage concentration across roads, bridges, and technical structures in these areas underscores the need for prioritized interventions. These findings provide a crucial foundation for developing targeted flood risk management and mitigation plans. Focusing resources on these identified hotspots for emergency response, retrofitting, and resilient infrastructure design can significantly enhance the overall safety and functionality of the region’s infrastructure networks against future flood events.   850 Special Presenting a model of humanitarian logistics activity of the Red Crescent Society in responding to hazards Taherian Saeed Givehchi Saeed Malekmohammadi Bahram Alavinaeini Ali Department of Disaster Engineering, Education and Environmental Systems, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran Department of Disaster Engineering, Education and Environmental Systems, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran Department of Disaster Engineering, Education and Environmental Systems, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran Department of Disaster Engineering, Education and Environmental Systems, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran 1 Articles In Press 0 0 11 03 2026 22 07 2026 Background and Objective The frequency and severity of natural, man-made, and technological hazards have increased vulnerability to them and increased the need for resilient and responsive humanitarian logistics systems. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a model of humanitarian logistics activities of the Iranian Red Crescent Society in response to hazards. Method The research is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive and survey in terms of data collection. Considering the nature of the data, the research is of mixed type (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population in the meta-analysis section included the articles of interest in the research, of which 150 articles were selected as a statistical sample, and in the fuzzy Delphi method, the statistical population included university professors aware of the research problem and heads of the Logistics and Preparedness Department of the Iranian Red Crescent Society, and 12 people were selected to determine the statistical sample of the research. The data collection tool in the qualitative section was library studies and articles from citation databases, and in the quantitative section, it was a semi-structured questionnaire. Findings Based on the research results, 13 dimensions and 45 components were extracted and prioritized; among them, the dimensions of organization and management, economic challenges, and ecosystem-based sustainable development in the humanitarian logistics chain were identified as the most important. On the other hand, resilience management, productivity management, diversity, behavior change, and risk complexity, security challenges, and cultural and social challenges in the humanitarian logistics chain are also dimensions that will have a very important impact on the qualitative and quantitative expansion of the activities of the Red Crescent Society, and other dimensions can also have an impact in order of importance. Conclusion The model presented in this study can be considered by managers and planners of the Red Crescent Society as a basis for improving and promoting humanitarian logistics activities in responding to hazards.