1 2322-5955 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization 799 Special Identifying Drivers of Urban Resilience to Terrorist Attacks: A Systematic Scoping Review Nadafan Masoud b Nasiri Ali c Boochani Mohammad Hossein d Samadi-Foroushani Marzieh e b Tehran Municipality Applied Science Institute, University of Applied Sciences, Tehran, Iran. c Health Management Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. d Department of Urban Planning, ST.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. e Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, University of Eyvanekey, Eyvanekey, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 2 35 12 08 2025 09 09 2025 Background and Objective: The emergence of new threats of terrorism and the increasing complexity of urban infrastructures highlight the need for more resilient and sustainable systems that are able to cope with these adverse events. The present study, by designing a systematic domain review, while recognizing the dimensions and thematic areas of urban resilience against terrorist threats, presents a map of the thematic structure of studies and seeks to find drivers for strengthening urban resilience in order to rethink urban resilience planning against terrorist threats. Method: The method of the present study is a combination of bibliometric analysis and content analysis. The bibliometric research was carried out with a systematic domain review framework, so that the search strategy was defined in international (Scopus and Google Scholar) and national (Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, Jihad Daneshgah Scientific Information Center) scientific databases and based on the PRISMA protocol, 34 articles were selected in the final selection stage for the review study. Following a critical review of the articles, the themes were reorganized into topics and their in-depth study was carried out to extract common themes in order to identify the dimensions of urban resilience and drivers of strengthening urban resilience against terrorist threats. Findings: Based on the qualitative content analysis of the selected articles, 97 themes of strengthening urban resilience against terrorist attacks were extracted. The themes were classified into 34 components and 11 categories as dimensions of urban resilience against terrorist threats. The research findings indicate that the drivers of strengthening resilience in the field of preparedness and response to emergency situations have the highest frequency (20 themes). In the following ranks, respectively, governance and institutional capacity building (13 themes); public awareness and empowerment (11 themes); strengthening urban infrastructure and structures (11 themes); urban control, inspection and supervision (9 themes); innovation and new security technology (7 themes); security principles in urban planning and design (7 themes); information and social communication (6 themes); Health and social welfare (6 themes); Economy and investment (3 themes); and Information management and protection (3 themes). In addition, the abundance of urban resilience drivers in four areas of preventive and protective measures against terrorism (46 drivers), absorption and emergency response to terrorist attacks (11 drivers), recovery after terrorist attacks (7 drivers), and adaptation and adaptation to terrorist threats (36 drivers) were identified and discussed. Conclusion: Urban resilience drivers against terrorist attacks are a set of coordinated and systematic measures and policies to strengthen the city's capabilities in prevention, counteraction, recovery, and adaptation, which requires a fundamental change in the attitude of policymakers and urban planners regarding the problem of terrorism.
768 Special Seismic Design Considerations for Acceleration-sensitive Non-structural Components Pirizadeh Mahboobeh f f Department of Civil Engineering, WT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 36 61 22 04 2025 04 10 2025 Background and objective One of the key factors in reducing human and economic losses in earthquake-prone cities is ensuring the operability and continuity of service of buildings with critical functions after probable earthquakes. To achieve this, it is essential not only to maintain the proper performance of structural components but also to preserve and guarantee the functionality of non-structural components installed within the building, preventing their damage, collapse, or detachment. Method This study investigated the acceleration amplification factor and the resulting inertial forces on non-structural components, considering their installation locations along the building height. Two regular steel structures, each with a lateral load-bearing system consisting of a medium-ductility flexural frame at heights of 4 and 8 stories, located on a hard soil site, were subjected to nonlinear time-history analysis. The range of acceleration-sensitive non-structural components included all elements connected to a structural floor or ceiling with a natural period of less than 0.5 seconds, influenced by the acceleration generated in the corresponding diaphragm. Two subcategories of non-structural components—suspended ceilings and chiller cooling towers—were examined as case studies using single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) modeling. Results By examining the effects of the near-fault zone on the studied structures, increases of up to 19% and up to 10% were observed in the horizontal and vertical inertial forces, respectively, applied to the center of mass of non-structural components located on different floors—especially on floors near the roof. These additive effects were more pronounced in the short-rise structure than in the medium-rise structure, which may be attributed to the closeness of the short period of the non-structural components to the natural frequency of the short-rise structure and the frequency content of the near-fault records. Conclusion The vertical acceleration magnification factor at the center of mass of non-structural components indicates the necessity of considering the period of the vertical mode of these components in their seismic design. For example, the average magnification factor for one type of cooling tower, with a vertical mode period of 0.22 seconds installed on the roof of the studied structures, approached values between two and three times those required by current regulations. 765 Special Identification and Ranking of Iranian Provinces in Terms of Nuclear Incident Risks Using the ARAS Approach Ghamcheghayi Amir g Samouei Parvaneh h g Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. h Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 62 79 12 04 2025 18 08 2025 Background and objective Nuclear accidents can have significant consequences across health, social, and economic domains, including harm to public health, destruction of infrastructure, and disruption of economic and social activities. Therefore, identifying and assessing areas at risk of nuclear hazards is essential.  Method This research aimed to rank 10 provinces of Iran based on the intensity of nuclear risk using the ARAS multi-criteria decision-making method. The criteria assessed included population, presence of nuclear facilities, economic conditions (mother industries and commercial units), urban infrastructure (air transport), and military infrastructure (airbases). Data related to these criteria were extracted from reputable national sources to ensure the highest accuracy of the results.  Results Isfahan and Tehran ranked first and second, respectively, indicating a higher nuclear accident risk compared to other provinces. Additionally, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Markazi, Razavi Khorasan, Qom, East Azerbaijan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan ranked third through tenth accordingly. Conclusion The findings can serve as a basis for planning and implementing preventive measures against nuclear accidents in at-risk provinces. A notable aspect of this research is the application of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to investigate nuclear incident risks, particularly within the context of Iran. 749 Special Identification and Ranking of Performance Evaluation Indicators for the Firefighting Unit Using Thematic Analysis and Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach Dadoo Parisa i Shafiei Nikabadi Mohsen j Hossein Khani Davood k i Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. j Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. k Senior Safety Expert, National Iranian Gas Company, Tehran, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 80 109 25 01 2025 05 05 2025 Background and objective Identifying key performance evaluation indicators in the fire department of the gas company, as one of the main pillars of safety management, plays an important role in optimizing processes and reducing potential risks. Considering the complexity of operations in the gas industry, the development of these indicators can improve productivity and safety culture of employees. This study aimed to identify and rank key performance evaluation indicators of the fire department of the National Iranian Gas Company.  Method This study was conducted using a combined approach of content analysis and fuzzy DEMATEL. In the first stage, content analysis and semi-structured interviews with 12 fire and HSE experts with at least 10 years of work experience were used, and using ATLAS-TI 8 software, 13 key indicators were identified. To increase validity, the interviews were recorded and then converted to text, and supplementary questions were asked to resolve ambiguity. In the second stage, the fuzzy DEMATEL technique was used to examine causal relationships and rank the indicators. Data were collected through a pairwise comparison questionnaire from 15 gas refinery fire chiefs, and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the inconsistency coefficient (0.0247). Calculations were performed with MATLAB R2024b and Excel LTSC 2021 software. Results in the qualitative part, indicators were identified, including 13 effective human resource management, infrastructure management, training and skill development, organizational motivation, standards and guidelines, incident control, accident prevention, readiness of personnel, modern technologies, group participation, evaluation and monitoring, and effective communication with HSE management. The fuzzy DEMATEL results highlighted accident prevention and reduction, training and skill development, and incident control as the most critical indicators. Increased motivation and organizational commitment were the most influential, while accident prevention and reduction had the highest susceptibility. Conclusion The combined approach of content analysis and fuzzy DEMATEL is the priority for accident prevention due to its high impact and key importance. Effective training also emphasizes the improvement of employees’ knowledge and skills with the greatest impact. Simultaneous attention to these indicators helps to improve performance and reduce risks in the fire department. 753 Special The Relationship Between Urban Sustainability and Resilience in Pardis New Town From the Perspective of Urban Experts Mousavian Ahmadabadi Seyed Mohammad Bagher l Shayesteh Afsaneh m l Department of Urban Management, ShR.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Rey, Iran. m Department of Urban Management, ShR.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Rey, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 110 133 16 02 2025 24 05 2025 Background and objective Urban management needs multi-level and complex requirements to deal with future complex challenges of cities. A look at the modern sustainability literature in cities indicates the consolidation of the position of urban sustainability and urban resilience. In this regard, further understanding of these requirements, particularly in small cities as a novel context for urbanization, is necessary. This study aimed to examine the relationship between urban sustainability and resilience from the perspective of urban experts in Pardis, Tehran, Iran. Method This is a quantitative and correlational study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire measuring urban sustainability and resilience, gathering the opinions of 66 experts from  Results The results indicated a low level of sustainability in Pardis (<3). It had a significant and direct correlation with the resilience of the city (P<0.05). Additionally, urban sustainability and urban resilience had indirect relationships with each other through social resilience (0.420), economic resilience (0.395), institutional resilience (0.538), and environmental resilience (0.547). Conclusion The findings recommend a deeper attention to urban sustainability and resilience in newly constructed towns, and a focus on the estimated strengths and weaknesses to synergize these two key aspects of sustainable urban development. 774 Special Suitability of Hamadan City’s Multi-purpose Spaces in Crisis Management Babaei Arash n Farhadi Rudabeh o Marsousi Nafiseh p n Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. o Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. p Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 134 153 06 05 2025 23 09 2025 Background and objective The establishment of multi-purpose bases in suitable locations increases their efficiency and productivity toward achieving the intended objectives, particularly in emergency conditions. One of the key items to be considered prior to establishing these bases is to study, evaluate, and select an appropriate geographic location for the siting of such land uses; therefore, this research aimed to identify suitable locations that meet criteria aligned with the objectives of crisis management in Hamadan. Method This applied and field-based study was carried out in Hamadan from 2023-2024. In this research, the required data were first categorized based on field methods and the observation of components, and then integrated with spatial data. Finally, the results were presented as thematic maps and tables. GIS software was used to generate the maps and their outputs. Results Among the 12 evaluated halls, only 5 were able to operate effectively in the response phase. Additionally, based on the performed assessments, fire stations and hospital facilities in parts of the study-area surface were associated with insufficient coverage due to changes in urban infrastructure and traffic conditions. Therefore, the establishment of a fire-support (backup) station along the Airport Boulevard and in the areas behind the Farhangian settlement is recommended. Overall, the hospitals had relatively suitable conditions considering their siting relative to multi-purpose facilities. Conclusion The re-selection of locations for implementing infrastructure projects is of critical importance. In this regard, by considering detailed physical (spatial) layout planning, a step can be taken toward reducing the destructive impacts of natural disasters and also enhancing preparedness for providing assistance following the occurrence of a disaster. 758 Special Simulation of the Evacuation of Disabled People and War Veterans From Crowded Religious Places Using the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Soroush Shahrooz Ghayoor Baghbani Seyed Morteza Department of Management of Sacred and Religious Sites, Imam Reza International University (PBUH), Mashhad, Iran. Department of Management of Sacred and Religious Sites, Imam Reza International University (PBUH), Mashhad, Iran. 1 3 2026 16 1 154 173 05 03 2025 06 05 2025 Background and objective Emergency evacuation management in buildings, especially crowded religious places, plays an important role in reducing potential casualties and injuries when a disaster occurs. Simulating people's behavior and crowd movement is an effective factor in the safe design of these places. In this regard, paying attention to the mobility conditions and needs of people with disabilities and war veterans is of particular importance in planning for their emergency evacuation. This study aimed to use the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to simulate and improve the evacuation process of pilgrims, especially people with disabilities and veterans, from Imam Reza Shrine, Mashhad, Iran. Method In designing the evacuation model using the PSO algorithm, factors such as the conditions and mobility limitations of people with disabilities and veterans, the arrangement of environmental elements and equipment, obstacles on exit routes, and route guidance markers were considered. Then, the effect of changing the arrangement of environmental elements and adding lights to guide and evacuate people was examined. Results The simulation showed that appropriate changes in the arrangement of environmental elements and the use of directional lighting could facilitate people's evacuation. The proposed model also enabled the examination of different evacuation scenarios, accounting for environmental characteristics and variations in people's movement. The PSO algorithm had suitable potential for modeling crowd behavior and identifying optimal evacuation routes in crowded religious places. Conclusion The PSO algorithm can be used as a practical approach in simulating emergency evacuation and evaluating the design of religious spaces. Simultaneous consideration of the conditions of disabled people and veterans, environmental obstacles, and route guidance equipment can help evacuate people more quickly and safely and improve crisis management planning. The proposed model can be used in the design, assessment, and renovation of other crowded urban areas in Iran.