1 2322-5955 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization 791 Special A Multi-objective Optimization Model for Post-natural Disaster Waste Clean-Up with Multimodal Transport Darvishi Hamidreza b Rezaeian Javad c Shirazi Babak d Mahdavi Iraj e b Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran. c Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran. d Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran. e Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 462 509 23 07 2025 13 10 2025 Background and objective Natural disasters result in the generation of massive volumes of waste, leading to severe environmental, economic, and social problems. Inefficient waste management can delay the recovery efforts and incur additional costs. This study aims to develop a multi-objective optimization (MOO) model for post-disaster waste cleanup, employing a multimodal transportation approach (truck/train) and risk prioritization of affected areas. Method In this study, the affected areas were first ranked using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on five risk criteria (life risk, environmental pollution, psychological impacts, economic disruption, and risks from disaster waste). Then, the MOO model was implemented using the epsilon-constraint method across seven defined problems with varying scales. The scenarios were applied to the flooded rural areas of Gorgan city and Aqqala county in Golestan province, Iran. The model considered the minimization of the time for the completion of debris removal and waste transportation operations, as well as the reduction of transportation and equipment costs (for train stations and temporary waste management sites), as two objective functions. Results As the problem scale increased, computation time also increased, with the model exhibiting NP-Hard characteristics at larger scales. The obtained Pareto points confirmed the trade-off between time minimization and cost reduction objectives, highlighting the need for selections aligned with operational policies. Furthermore, multimodal transportation, compared with road-only mode, resulted in a 30.1% reduction in operating time and an 11.3% reduction in total costs. Further analysis revealed that road transport performed better over short distances between the affected areas and final disposal sites, whereas multimodal transport was superior over longer distances. Risk prioritization results demonstrated a targeted resource allocation to high-risk areas. Conclusion The presented model can serve as a practical tool for crisis managers in planning post-disaster waste clean-up. Employing multimodal transport alongside a multi-criteria decision-making approach not only enhances decision-making efficiency and quality but also enables optimal resource allocation to high-risk regions.  
752 Special Feasibility Study of Flood Risk Management in Bandar-e Gaz County, Golestan Province, Iran Khoshbakht Fariba f Bagheritehrani Morteza g f Department of Architecture, Par.C., Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran. g Department of Architecture, Par.C., Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 510 543 12 02 2025 26 05 2025 Background and objective Changes in the physical environment, declined urban performance, environmental hazards, lack of security, unrest, and life threats are among the main outcomes of disasters such as floods. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of flood risk management in Bandar-e Gaz County, Golestan Province, Iran. Method This is a descriptive mixed-method study (quantitative-qualitative) with an exploratory sequential approach. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire (measuring seven criteria: environmental discipline, housing quality, urban environmental health, environmental adaptation, facilities, physical-activity diversity, and accessibility/permeability), field observation, and semi-structured interviews. The participants were 270 residents of Bandar-e Gaz County and 30 post-disaster reconstruction experts. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis, structural equation modeling, and Pearson’s correlation test. Results There was a direct and significant relationship between the criteria of flood risk assessment/post-disaster reconstruction and the flood risk reduction (P<0.05). The criteria were ranked based on their correlation coefficients as follows: Environmental discipline (r=0.731), facilities (r=0.722), housing quality (r=0.701), accessibility/permeability (r=0.625), urban environmental health (r=0.619), spatial/activity diversity (r=0.591), and adaptation to the environment (r=0.511). The mean questionnaire score was 2.93, indicating an unfavorable situation regarding flood risk management. Conclusion The flood risk management in Bandar-e Gaz city is poor based on the identified physical criteria. Planning and reviewing disaster management plans in this city and improving the physical criteria for flood risk assessment are needed.   750 Special Effects of Urban Space Limitations on the Performance of Firefighting Forces and Vehicles During a Disaster in Tehran, District 19 Kheirdast Afrasyab h Mahdavi Mahdi i Ajourloo Saeed j h Department of Environmental Management, N.T.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. i Department of Crisis Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, S.R.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. j Department of Crisis Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, S.R.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 544 573 28 01 2025 05 04 2025 Background and objective To reduce the risks of fire accidents, it is essential to analyze space-time constraints for firefighters. In district 19 of Tehran city, Iran, the spatio-temporal patterns of fires vary depending on time, location, and causes. Considering the blockage of crossings, poor urban fabric, and the lack of supervision by authorities over urban traffic in this district, it is essential to address the challenges of firefighters due to limited urban space. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of urban space limitations on the performance of firefighting forces and trucks during a disaster in Tehran, District 19.  Method This is a descriptive-correlational study. The study population consists of all operational staff of fire stations in District 19 of Tehran, Iran (n=210). Of these, 132 participants were selected randomly. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 30 items, measuring urban space limitations (urban infrastructure problems, dilapidated fabric, population growth, and public transportation problems) and performance. Smirnov-Kolmogorov test was used to determine the normality of data distribution. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the variables.  Results The regression coefficient of dilapidated urban fabric, urban infrastructure problems, population growth, and public transportation problems were -0.51, -0.48, -0.45, and -0.32, respectively (P<0.001). They predicted 26.2%, 23.7%, 20.9%, and 10.5% of the decline in the performance of firefighters and fire trucks, respectively. Conclusion Urban space limitations, including dilapidated urban fabric, urban infrastructure problems, population growth, and public transportation problems, have a significant negative effect on the performance of firefighting forces and trucks in District 19 of Tehran.    797 General Estimation of Flood Impacts on Urban Transportation Time and the Assessment of Its Economic Damage Meraji Mohammadreza k Yazdi Jafar l Shahsavandi Mohammad m Aghayari Jamal n Abdi Amirhossein o k Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. l Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. m Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. n Space Research Center, Iranian Space Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. o Space Research Center, Iranian Space Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 574 599 06 08 2025 28 10 2025 Background and objective This study investigates urban flood inundation in road networks, its effects on urban traffic, and the estimation of indirect economic losses caused by increased travel time in a region located in northern Tehran. The main objective was to assess how urban flooding affects transportation performance and to quantify the associated economic damages resulting from travel delays. Method A two-dimensional hydraulic model, MIKE 21, was applied using a 5-m computational mesh and a 1-m digital elevation model over an area of 41.44 km2, including several main channels in northeastern Tehran. The model performance was validated at the channel flow scale using field measurements, including water level observations obtained from ultrasonic level sensors and discharge estimations based on the float method. After model implementation, flood inundation extents corresponding to the 10-year and 100-year return periods were derived. To estimate economic losses due to travel delay, the analysis considered the difference between the maximum allowable highway speed under normal and flood conditions, the average cost of one hour of delay, and traffic volume counts recorded on different days of the week. Results The results showed that the inundation area for the 10-year and 100-year floods was approximately 140 and 640 hectares, respectively. The maximum flow depth and velocity during the 10-year flood were 1.89 m and 2.19 m/s, respectively, while for the 100-year flood they reached 3.83 m and 4.15 m/s. The estimated travel delay losses on Imam Ali, Hakim, and Hemmat highways under the 10-year flood were approximately 2.65, 1.0, and 1.1 billion rials per day, respectively. For the 100-year flood, the corresponding losses were estimated at about 942, 371.4, and 810 billion rials per day in the year 2023. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that urban flooding can have substantial impacts on transportation system performance and can impose significant indirect economic losses on urban areas through increased travel time. These results highlight the importance of integrating flood hazard assessment with transportation and economic analysis in urban flood risk management.   746 Special The Relationship Between Decision-making Styles and Attitude in Shaping Middle-Level Managers’ Intention to Take Disaster Risk Management Actions Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action Pourdavoud Salman p Tahmasbi Simin p Department of Health Services Management, Shk.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Nursing, Shk.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 600 619 18 11 2024 29 06 2025 Background and objective Disaster risk management against natural disasters is one of the major challenges for at-risk countries. Due to Iran’s geographical location, natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods occur frequently. This research aimed to examine both decision-making styles and attitudes of managers using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) simultaneously. The study focused on the role of mid-level managers in strategic decisions and investigated the relationship between subjective norms, attitudes, and decision-making styles in their intention to participate in disaster risk management. Method This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 278 managers involved in disaster risk management in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. These managers were selected from a total population of 950 individuals using Morgan’s table. Stratified sampling based on gender was employed among managers from all government and non-government departments in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Data were collected using two questionnaires: The Scott and Bruce’s general decision-making style Inventory and a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the TRA. The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and path analysis with SPSS software, version 22. Results Of the 278 managers selected, 75% were male and 25% were female. Rational and dependent decision-making styles demonstrated the most significant relationship with the different dimensions of the TRA, external factors, and natural attitudes. Specifically, rational and dependent decision-making styles exhibited a significant relationship with a higher correlation coefficient (0.914) compared to other styles. In contrast, the “immediate” and “avoidant” styles showed a weak relationship with this model. Conclusion The results highlight the importance of considering these decision-making styles in planning efforts to reduce the risk of natural disasters.   747 Special A Comprehensive Analysis of Citizens’ Participatory Behaviors in Enhancing Urban Safety: A Case Study of the Mashhad Fire Department and Safety Services Tabar Seyed Ahmad Mir Mohamad Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 620 645 18 01 2025 26 04 2025 Background and objective Safety has become one of the most fundamental human needs in contemporary life. In this regard, fire departments primarily seek to reduce incidents through preventive measures, such as providing safety education and promoting safe practices. In the second stage, they respond to emergencies and actively confront incidents when they occur. Undoubtedly, public participation and cooperation with fire departments significantly support these organizations in effectively fulfilling their duties. Given the low level of citizen involvement in firerelated activities in Iran and specifically in Mashhad City, Iran, and considering the lack of scientific investigation on this issue, the present study aimed to examine and elucidate citizens’ participatory behaviors in improving urban safety, using the Mashhad Fire Department and Safety Services as a case study. Method This research was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population consisted of citizens of Mashhad City, from whom 821 individuals were selected as a sample from the 13 municipal districts. Sampling was performed using proportionate stratified sampling combined with multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results The results indicate that citizens’ adherence to safety principles is relatively high. The variable “willingness to participate” has a positive and significant effect (β=0.26) on participatory behaviors in firefighting activities. The greatest influence on willingness to participate is related to subjective norms (β=0.46), perceived importance of participation (β=0.23), and attitude toward participation (β=0.12), respectively. Furthermore, the perceived importance of participation affects attitude toward participation (β=0.78) and subjective norms (β=0.72). Conclusion Greater attention should be given to the variable of the perceived importance of participation in safety and crisis management, due to its significant influence on attitudes, subjective norms, and subsequently, the willingness to participate.   754 Special An Analytical Approach to the Components of Sustainable Development, Empowerment and Value Creation of Women: A Case Study of the Resilience of Earthquake-Affected Rural Women in Sarpol-e-Zahab County, Iran Pourksmaei Maryam Pouryousefi Hamid Khadimian Talia Department of Sociology, N.T.c., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sociology, N.T.c., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sociology, N.T.c., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 1 3 2026 15 4 646 689 21 02 2025 21 05 2025 Background and objective The Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake in November 2017, in addition to causing physical destruction, left profound psychological and social impacts on women. Women—particularly those in underprivileged rural areas—experienced increased family responsibilities, reduced employment opportunities, and limited access to services. This study examines the barriers to women’s empowerment in such crisis conditions and explores their role in social recovery and sustainable development. Empowering rural women by providing educational and occupational opportunities and enabling them to participate in decision-making processes can be a key factor in achieving sustainable development. This study aimed to offer practical strategies to support affected women and assist policymakers in designing effective post-disaster programs. Method This qualitative research was conducted to examine the resilience of rural women in Sarpol-e Zahab County, Iran following the earthquake. Data were collected through 27 in-depth interviews with officials, experts, and local informants across three villages. Thematic analysis was performed in five stages, resulting in 144 initial codes, which were categorized into 27 sub-themes and four main themes: individual resilience, socio-cultural influences, economic contexts, and institutional support. Reliability was assessed using test–retest and inter-coder reliability, estimated at 71.3% and 69.4%, respectively. Results The findings identified four major themes. Individual resilience—education, technical skills, positive attitudes, and prior experiences were key factors that enhanced women’s empowerment and strengthened their effective participation in community reconstruction. Socio-cultural influences—male support, religious beliefs, social participation, and support networks played a significant role in reducing inequalities and empowering women. Economic contexts—income levels, self-employment, and governmental support contributed to economic independence, improved livelihoods, and women’s psychological well-being. Institutional support—government programs, cultural attitude shifts, and the quality of social interactions significantly enhanced women’s resilience and sustainable development. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the resilience of earthquake-affected women in Sarpol-e Zahab County is influenced by the interaction of individual, social, cultural, and economic factors. Education, skill development, support networks, and religious beliefs play crucial roles in empowering women and strengthening their participation in post-earthquake reconstruction. Theories, such as social empowerment, social bonding, human capital, and hope underscore the importance of education, decision-making participation, and emotional and economic support. Furthermore, investment in women’s education and employment enhances resilience, reduces inequalities, and increases their role in sustainable development and crisis management.