1 2322-5955 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization 710 Special Urban Flood Zoning Using an Integrated Hydrological-Hydraulic Watershed Modeling Approach, Case Study: Districts 21 and 22 of Tehran Nasiri Ali b Salimi Esmaeil c Delfan Azari Morteza d Yazdi Jafar e Shahsawandi Mohammad f b Department of Health in Disasters, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. c Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization, Tehran, Iran. d Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization, Tehran, Iran. e Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. f Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 392 405 18 08 2024 05 11 2024 Flood zoning has extensive applications in flood management and is considered one of the fundamental and critical pieces of information in flood risk management. Flood zoning in urban areas is much more challenging than modeling in floodplain and river areas due to the two-dimensional nature of the flow and, on the other hand, the density of urban features such as buildings, streets, boulevards, and public pathways. In this study, flood zoning for districts 21 and 22 of Tehran was conducted under the current conditions, where the area is almost devoid of surface water collection channels, using a physically-based rainfall-runoff model and two-dimensional hydraulic routing which is the novelty aspect of the article. For this purpose, the HEC-HMS model was used to estimate the runoff from the mountains, and the MIKE model was used to simulate urban rainfall-runoff. According to the modeling results, the areas affected by a 50-year flood event were identified using an integrated modeling approach in districts 21 and 22, covering 8% of these areas. In these areas, the maximum flood depth is 11.8 meters in Vardavard river and the highest speed is 4.5 meters per second at the beginning of Hashemzadeh street (south of Kharrazi highway). The results indicate that in the event of extreme events such as a 50-year rainfall, a significant portion of the highways and main communication arteries of Tehran leading westward would be disrupted, and traffic would be impossible. Moreover, various land uses would fall within the flood zone, and due to the absence of a surface water network, waterlogging conditions throughout districts 21 and 22 of Tehran are predictable. Therefore, the development of a surface water collection network is one of the main priorities for reducing flood risk in these areas.
694 Special Challenges of Implementing the Policies for Natural Disaster Risk Prevention and Mitigation in Iran Abbasabadi Arab Masoumeh g Ahmadi Shokofeh h Khankeh Hamidreza i Mohammadi Fariborz j Haq Roosta Somia k g Prehospital Emergency Research Center, National Emergency Medical Organization, Tehran, Iran. h Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, Social Health Research Institute, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. i Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, Social Health Research Institute, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. j Specialized Committee on Development and Land Planning, Secretariat of the Expediency Discernment Council, Tehran, Iran. k Faculty of Art and Architecture,Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 406 423 23 06 2024 05 11 2024 Background and objective The occurrence of disasters in the world leaves consequences and health, as well as economic and social problems for people and governments, and requires careful management and planning. Policies for preventing and reducing risks caused by natural disasters and unexpected events were formulated and announced in the country in 2014. Nearly two decades have passed since the promulgation of these policies, and the management of accidents and incidents in the country is facing deficits. This study was conducted to investigate and identify the challenges of implementing crisis management policies and providing suggestions for improvement. Method This study was conducted as qualitative research using targeted semi-structured interviews with 32 managers of various organizations and institutions, which continued until the saturation stage. Granheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis method was used for data analysis, and MAXQDA software was used for data management. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data, Lincoln and Guba criteria were used. Results 36 sub-challenges were identified in the country's crisis management. Which were divided into 5 categories of main challenges (gap in policymaking, weakness in the implementation of policies, limitation of financial resources, failure in coordination and information management, inefficient attitude at the level of decision maker and decision maker). The lack of a coherent, comprehensive and future-oriented system of policies, the absence of a comprehensive roadmap and planning to advance policies, the lack of transparency in the powers and responsibilities of organizations, the lack of budget priority allocation for crisis programs, the weakness in playing the role of coordination of the crisis management organization and the weakness in The monitoring and evaluation system of organizations was one of the most important sub-challenges. Conclusion The implementation of disaster management programs in the country at the levels of policy, planning and implementation is associated with challenges and problems in organizations. Paying attention to the principles of policy-making in reviewing policies, and reforming the structure, laws and national guidelines and processes in the programs of the country's crisis management organization can lead to the improvement of the country's preparedness and proper management when disasters occur.   682 Special Off-site Manufacturing Site Selection for Post-disaster Reconstruction Logistics: A Case Study of Pardis Town, Tehran, Iran Rashidi Sina l Ghalambordezfooly Rama m l Department of Architecture, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Tehran, Iran. m Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Tehran, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 424 441 07 05 2024 07 10 2024 Background and objective With the growth of urbanization and urban development, natural disasters have always threatened urban areas. In this regard, rapid response and temporary and permanent housing after a disaster are important concerns. This research aims to determine the criteria for off-site manufacturing in the reconstruction phase of post-disaster management and locate suitable lands for off-site manufacturing in Pardis town, Tehran, Iran. Method This is a descriptive analytical survey study. To collect related information, a literature review was conducted and a field study was done by visiting sites and completing checklists. After finding the criteria for locating the off-site construction sites, the relative importance of each factor was determined using a questionnaire completed by a group of experts in the field, using Saaty’s 9-point scale method. To analyze the data, the multi-criteria decision-making system and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process were used in ExpertChoice software. The prepared maps were integrated and implemented using the ArcGIS Software.  Results We identified four main criteria (natural factors, accessibility, physical factors and economic factors) and 13 sub-criteria, where distance from faults, land parcel size, distance from primary arterial roads, and private ownership were most important. Based on these criteria, the existing sites were categorized into five categories, from very unsuitable to very suitable. Based on the produced maps, 16.1% of the sites were in the “very suitable” category, of which 232 were in the industrial lands of district 7 in Pardis town and 71 were in the vacant lands with the possibility to set up off-site construction sites. Conclusion The results revealed that in Pardis town, districts 6 and 7 have a suitable number of sites for off-site manufacturing during the reconstruction phase of post-disaster management due to the presence of industrial and vacant lands with large parcel sizes.   673 Special The Fire Management Strategies for Worn-out Buildings With Fire Vulnerability Using the AʼWOT Analysis: A Case Study in the 19th District of Tehran, Iran kheirdast Afrasyab n Jozi Seyed Ali o Rezaian Sahar p Mirza Ebrahim Tehrani Mahnaz n Department of Environment, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. o Department of Environment, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. p Department of Environment, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran. Department of Environment, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 442 459 28 03 2024 13 05 2024 Background and objective In providing fire management strategies using international and integrated methods, no study has been conducted in district 19 of Tehran, Iran, so far. Therefore, this study aims to propose strategies for fire management and reducing the vulnerability of worn-out buildings in this district using the A’WOT analysis and Freeman’s stakeholder matrix. Method This is a strategic and applied study. Participants included 20 crisis management experts and managers of the fire departments. The information was collected using interviews and brainstorming. The AʼWOT analysis, a hybrid analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-SWOT method, was used. After determining the internal factors (strength and weakness) and external factors (threat and opportunity), strategies were identified and ranked in a hierarchical manner. Freeman’s stakeholder matrix was used to present the strategic fire management plans. The sensitivity analysis was done using Expert choice software, version 11.  Results The final score obtained from the internal factor evaluation (IFE) and external factor evaluation (EFE) matrices showed that the strategies were offensive and competitive, respectively. Based on the evaluation of quantitative strategic planning, IFE, and EFE matrices, the strategic plans were finally ranked as follows: “the use of local expert forces familiar with the region” with a score of 5.22, “using movable conex boxes to command operations” with a score of 5.08 and “building new stations with advanced firefighting equipment” with a score of 4.96. Based on Freeman’s stakeholder matrix, the offensive strategies “building new fire stations with advanced firefighting equipment,” with a score of 107 and “visiting worn-out buildings and holding a maneuver to increase the personnel operational capacity” with a score of 98 were placed in the first and second ranks, respectively. Conclusion By examining the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats in district 19 of Tehran, we presented strategies to reduce the fire vulnerability of worn-out buildings. The AʼWOT analysis is a proper scientific and operational method for fire management in worn-out buildings in this district. Freeman’s stakeholder matrix can be a suitable model for ranking fire management strategies. Based on this matrix, offensive strategies to manage the fires in the study area can be predicted and implemented.    681 Special Japan’s Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Changes Kiasat Shima Ilanloo Maryam Department of Environment, Electronics Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Geography, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 460 477 24 04 2024 29 09 2024 Background and objective Many developed countries, including Japan, have taken steps to adapt their urban communities to climate change in line with global climate protocols, which can help developing countries, including Iran, to adapt to climate change. This research aims to investigate Japan’s strategies and plans for adapting to the risks of climate change.  Method The method of collecting information was library and record-keeping. The research findings were in two parts. Results For reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, Japan passed the Climate Change Adaptation Act in December 2018. The Japanese Cabinet approved the National Adaptation Plan in accordance with this Act in 2021, which defines measures to address vector-borne, food-borne, or water-borne infectious diseases and air pollution. Moreover, the results showed that the Japanese government has the intention to develop sponge cities. This approach is achieved by developing new infrastructure consisting of green walls, water squares, and floating regions, all located in the city center, not on the outskirts. Conclusion The results show that the country of Japan has tried to adapt to climate change with a new approach, including the development of infrastructure consisting of green walls, water squares and floating areas and the adoption of laws.   701 Special Factors Affecting the Participation of Non-governmental Organizations in Flood Crisis Management in Iran: A Qualitative Study Sanatkhah Alireza Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 478 495 12 07 2024 05 11 2024 Background and objective The role of public participation in managing natural crises, including floods, is evident, and the government will incur many costs without utilizing the potential of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This study aims to explore the perceptions of NGOs in Iran regarding public participation in flood relief during the 2020 flood in Chabahar city, Sistan & Baluchistan Province, south of Iran. Method This is a qualitative study using the grounded theory. Participants were 25 members of NGOs who participated in relief operations during the 2020 flood in Chabahar city, who were selected using a purposive sampling method. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Member checking, analytical comparisons, and the auditing technique were used to determine the trustworthiness of the data. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory approach in three stages: open coding, selective coding, and axial coding. Results Causal factors included: Formation and support of NGOs, quality of flood management, operational transparency, and media culture-building. The intervening factors included: Quality and manner of information dissemination, quality of relief goods distribution and relief services, quality of institutional trust, and social-cultural conflicts. Contextual factors included: Regional public support for relief groups, cultural structure, and professional ethics of relief groups. Strategies included: Education and information on relief efforts, pragmatic/revolutionary approach to flood management, establishment of participatory platforms, and utilization of capacities. Consequences included: Lack of coordination in flood management, inapplicable policies, personal-psychological consequences, and institutional distrust. Conclusion Various causal, intervening, and contextual factors influence public participation in managing crises caused by floods in Iran. 705 Special The Factors Affecting the Implementation of Building Retrofitting Projects in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran Mollaei Somayeh Babaei Mehdi Khalili Behroz Khezri Milad Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. 1 2 2025 14 4 496 521 30 07 2024 07 09 2024 Background and objective This research aims to investiagte the challenges in the implementation of retrofitting projects in East Azerbaijan province in Iran, and propose solutions to enrich the construction project management.  Method This is a descriptive survey study. After identifying the challenges based on the opinions of 5 experts from the organization for development, renovation and equipping of schools (DRES) of Iran, a questionnaire was completed by 6 technical experts, 15 project supervisors and 23 contractors in East Azerbaijan province to determine the main issues that require attention for the successful implementation of retrofitting projects. Finally, a set of practical recommendations for each challenge was provided.  Results The most effective matter was inappropriate allocation of construction funds from the technical experts' point of view. In the contractors' opinion, delays in payment and conflicts in administrative cycles were the most significant challenges. Finally, the supervisors expressed that lack of skilled and experienced contractors was  the main challenging issue.The proposed solutions included the establishment of transparent budget allocation processes, the formation of groups for developing detailed specialized cost lists, the streamlining of project handover procedures, the improvement of workshop facilities and the implementation of robust project coordination frameworks.  Conclusion This study unveils the key challenges in building retrofitting projects in East Azerbaijan province, Iran, and offers practical solutions to enhance the implementation of these projects. The findings can be valuable for project managers, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in construction projects.