1 2322-5955 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization 172 Special Architectural design solutions to increase the safety of schools against Fire Mirsaeedie Leila b Shamsi Azadeh c b Assistant professor, Department of Architecture Islamic Azad University Gonbad Kavoos branch c Master of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Yazd University 1 7 2018 8 2 103 118 31 10 2017 31 12 2017 Background and objective: Preparation and recognizing the risks in the environment and how to prevent incidents is one of the important necessities to design and implementation of buildings in order to provide safety against fire. Rescue operations in buildings with the limited number of street access points (including educational buildings) are difficult. The high density of the population also makes it more difficult to control the situation during the crisis. The lack of safety regulations, strict inadequate monitoring and control, and other problems in designing, construction of schools created inappropriate conditions that may lead to significant casualties and deaths. The purpose of this study is to review and provide architectural design solutions to increase the level of safety in schools against fire. Method: This study is done through descriptive-analytical method with library studies and documents. Findings: Although the regulations on fire safety of buildings against fire are guidelines for architects to considering safety in design but study in projects backgrounds shows a blank spot in examining the results and quality of the regulations in using by users. In this regard architectural design solutions are categorized in two groups; the approaches to rules and regulations, and the solutions beyond the criteria. Results: This study consider the rules and regulations regarding fire at home and abroad and fire protection regulations have been reviewed as well as architectural design solutions with suggestions for design have been presented. In the next projects, the performance of the criteria may be further elaborated on the basis of the specific features of space users.  
177 Special An Overview to the Concepts, Indicators, Frames and Models of Earthquake Resilience Aslani Fereshteh d Amini Hosseini Kambod e d 1. PhD Student, Risk and Crisis Management Research Center, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran. e 2. Professor , Risk and Crisis Management Research Center ,International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran. 1 7 2018 8 2 119 136 22 11 2017 20 01 2018 Background and objective: Natural disasters have always been a major challenge for urban communities, and human settlements, infrastructures and capital have been threatened always. According to statistics, casualties have increased over time, and the vulnerability of urban communities has risen sharply against disasters (especially in developing countries). By increasing the numbers and varieties of natural hazards in human settlements, a problem has been created in the life of human societies. In this point, the current approach to focusing on the reduction of vulnerability and purely physical rehabilitation has changed to resilience against disasters. Method: This paper is a review study using library resources, based on books, articles, thesis, reports, documents as well as valid internet sites, to identify and explain the concepts, indicators frames and models of earthquake resilience. Based on the review of specialized texts and written documents in this field, the study of theoretical foundations of the resilience, the dimensions, components and measures of anticipation are discussed. Findings: Resilience in its essence has a social dimension. In fact, resilience against a disaster is a living and dynamic concept and more is a collective action and cooperation to deal with the social crisis. In other words, society should be resilient to strengthen the body. Therefore, it seems that, regarding the connections and interconnectedness of the intangible and intangible dimensions of resilience, researchers should have a comprehensive and all-inclusive approach in this field. In other words, one-dimensional views in this area will no longer work. In fact, in the field of the resilience against a disaster, what is more and more needed is interdisciplinary researches with a compound approach whose achievement is a mixed and generalizable model with the goal of promoting resilience against disasters. Conclusion: The resilience against disasters is a relatively new concept and does not go away for several decades. In order to continue researches in this field, the application of the compound approach is inevitable, and with the purpose of increasing the resilience, qualitative and methods should be appropriately combined to function in an operational manner to resilience against earthquake. In addition, the sustainable livelihood framework suggests a neighborhood-based approach to disaster mitigation in developing countries. Neighborhood, apart from the existence of dynamic social relationships in a specific geographical area, is due to the existence of subjective criteria, a suitable platform for improving collective life and disaster relief.   178 General Study the Impact of Earthquake and Urban Crisis Management (Case study: Kazeroun town) f Aryanpour Yaser g f Young Researchers Club of Kazerun, Department of Civil Engineering in Islamic Azad University Kazerun branch, Iran g Assistant professor in Lian Institute of Higher Education, Bushehr. Iran 1 7 2018 8 2 137 148 28 11 2017 20 01 2018 Background and Objectives: The natural incidents are common disasters, but possible crises may be reduced by efficient management. Regarding the situation of Iran and the way that cities are located in vulnerable places in terms of earthquakes, the necessity to consider this issue is obvious. Crisis management is a process of planning and actions which are integrated with comprehensive observation and analysis of crises by using appropriate tools in order to prevent, preparation, dealing with and reconstructing in future potential crises. Findings: According to the studies of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, in the national body design, 50 percent of population of the country is living in areas that have the highest seismic risk. Considering the vulnerability of Iran in relation to natural disasters (especially earthquakes) as well as the urban vulnerability of the country against these incidents, the purpose of this research is to identify approaches to reduce earthquake vulnerability by using urban planning techniques with management approach. Method: This study is an applied and analytic research method to physical vulnerability and AHP zoning. Conclusion: In this study, socio-economic hierarchy analysis and the other countries experiences and the case study (Kazeroun town) were used. To identify the value of each standard the zero-one weighting method has been used. 183 Special Assessment the Seismic Risk in Urmia City Context Based on Fuzzy Hierarchical Process Analysis Method Abedini Asghar h Karimi Reza i h Assistant Professor in Urmia University, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia, Iran (Corresponding Author) i Master of Urban Planning, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 1 7 2018 8 2 149 160 06 12 2017 09 02 2018 Background and Objective: The necessity of decreasing the risks in cities against earthquake consider as one of the main objectives in physical and urban planning. Decreasing the risk in cities against the earthquake will happen when the principles of crisis management and consequently passive defense planning are considered at all levels of planning (from spatial planning to architecture). However, the intermediate level, it means urban planning plays a key role in decreasing the risk of Urmia Against the earthquake. The objective of this study is to identify the risk zones in Urmia against earthquake. Method: To achieve this goal, first, among the various factors affecting the risk level, 12 indicators including areas, structure age, structure resistance, density of residential unit, household density in residential unit, population density, distance from green space, distance from dangerous facilities, distance from grade one access, number of floors, distance from health centers and firewalls were choose. To implement quantitative analyzes, the indicators entered the GIS software. Then, considering the relationship between the indicators and the aim of the study, the type of fuzzy function has been specified and standardization of the layers has been done in IDRISI software. Finally, by influencing the weight of the indicators, obtained using the hierarchical analysis process method in Expert Choice software, the overlay of the layers in the GIS software has been done. Findings: The maximum important coefficient related to the number of floors and the minimum one is related to the household index in the residential unit. Results: The results show that the risk level in the northern, northeastern, eastern and southern parts of Urmia is lower than the other parts of Urumieh. On the other hand, the risk level in the central part of the city is in the middle level, and the southeast, west, northwest, and somewhat southwest regions represent a high risk potential.   191 Special Landslide Hazard Zoning in Ramian Basin (Golestan Provinces) SalehiPour Milani Alireza j Yamani Modjtaba k j Assistant Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Natural Geography, Shahid Beheshti University k Professor, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University 1 7 2018 8 2 161 172 26 01 2018 15 04 2018 Background and objective: Nowadays the slide movements may cause damages such as killing people and animals, destroying residential areas, increasing the soil erosion, filling the dams’ reservoir, destroying roads and bridges, decreasing the soil fertility in farmlands and in consequence reducing the agricultural products and increasing the immigration to cities and many other problems. Therefore it is necessary to know the landslide zones and analyzing the effective elements on the movements to reduce the damages inflicted to people and environments. Golestan Provence, in north of Iran, with 200 registered slide movements, is one of the most active areas in terms of landslide and Ramian basin, with 65 movements, has a high potential. This study considers the landslides and hazard zoning in this area. Method: This study is done by LNRF model and GIS and RS tool to identify landslides and movement zones. The results show some problems of the mentioned model despite of its efficiency, so modified and new factors considered in this basin. The effective parameters such as geology, distance from fault, slope, slope direction and land usage are considered in order to landslide hazard zoning. Finding: The parameters analyzed by using weighted values method and then landslide hazard zoning map drew in 5 categories. About 35% of this basin located in high potential category whereas Malach Aram and Virou Villages are located in very high potential category. Results: The results show that landslide high potential zone in this basin, categorized by using LNRF model, and actual location of landslides are well overlap which shows efficiency of this model for landslide zoning.   193 Special Investigating the potential of the Internet of Things Things Based on Fog Computing, on the design and creation of an earthquake detection, warning and response system Khoshvaght soveyri Eisa l Gheysari Mohammad m l Iran IoT Research Center Project Manager m Iran IoT Research Center Executive director 1 7 2018 8 2 173 186 04 02 2018 17 04 2018 Purpose and context: One of the effective solutions to predict, detection and declaration of crisis as well as automated actions following each of the mentioned functions, is the use of rapid alert systems. The objective of this paper is to consider the Internet of Things technology and introducing the best current architecture of this technology called "Fog Computing Architecture" as a tool to install and supporting warning and immediate reaction systems in the field of seismography. Method: This study is based on 5years experiences of researches in the field of internet of things as well as library-based methodology. More than 40 articles have been studied and 15 cases were selected in order to write the article. By compiling the results and studied papers make a new perceive in internet of things architecture based on fog computing to create and supporting the detection, warning and immediate response to earthquake. Thus, the result presented as a local and conceptual model in order to design, install and execute an immediate alert system of earthquake in findings. Findings: The results of studying the articles show that Internet of things technology based on Fog computing has the ability to create a system of detection, warning and immediate response in seismography and the system capacity to support different process cycles. Therefore the successful projects in countries such as Japan, Mexico, America, etc. were choose as a model  in order to answer the questions and meet the objectives set out in this study, vernacular proposed architecture is provided in three layers based on Internet of things (IoT) architecture introduced by Cisco and its implementation pattern was discussed.  Conclusion: It is almost safe to say that none of earthquake zones in Iran, is equipped with a detection, warning or immediate response earthquake system and only a limited number of academic projects has been done in this regard. Considering the fact that 80 percent of Iranian cities are at risk of earthquakes and almost 28 percent of the population live in these high-risk areas, designing, developing and supporting of the earthquake early warning and response system with utilizing flexible tools, such as the Internet of Things, to support the cycle of crisis management and preparedness of cities, especially metropolises is felt; So that in the future irreparable human and financial losses by the disasters such as the earthquake in Rudbar, Bam and Kermanshah shall not be experienced again. 195 Special Evaluation of Resilience dimensions in District 9 in Tehran City by Using TOPSIS Technique Bazrafkan Shahram n Arvin Mahmoud o Shakeri Elahe p n Master of Geography and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran o PhD student of geography and urban planning, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University, Iran p PhD student of geography and urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 1 7 2018 8 2 187 197 08 02 2018 22 04 2018 Background and objective: Cities are complicated system which is very vulnerable against natural or human threats. The existing view to disasters management and urban management has been the risk reduction approach. But nowadays, societies try to achieve conditions that, in the case of a crisis, will bring them back to the pre-crisis (primary and normal) situation. Meanwhile, resilience is a new concept that is most used to face with unknowns and uncertainties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and measure the resilience dimensions in district 9 of Tehran. Method: In order to achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytic research method was used to analyze the questionnaire among experts in different fields that know well the actual conditions of neighborhoods in District 9. In order to measure the octahedral neighborhoods of Tehran's 9th District, Shannon Entropy Technique and Topsis Model were used for resilience dimensions. Findings: Relative important dimensions in 8 neighborhood of 9th District of Tehran are as followed: Social 0.31, Structural - physical 0.22, Infrastructure 0.19, Economical 0.14 and Institutional 0.13. According to calculations by using the Topsis model Doktor Hooshyar neighborhood with a value of 0.89, Ostad Moien with a value of 0.73, Imam-Zadeh Abdullah 0.66, south Mehrabad 0.54, Shahied Dastghieb 0.38, Sar-Absiab Mehrabad 0.33, Fatah 0.32 and a Shamshiri 0.34 have been ranked.The results of statistical analysis show that social dimension in neighborhoods of district 9 with the weight of 0.31 is more significant. According to the Topsis ranking technique, neighborhoods in Tehran's 9th district have been ranked that the results show the neighborhood of Dr. Hooshyar and Ostad Moien have a more appropriate condition and Fath and Shamshiri district have the worst conditions in terms of resilience against incidents. Result: In order to increase the resilience in Tehran and the 9th district, future investments, beyond material investments and technical solutions, requires human and social developments, institutional capacity and inter-organizational cooperation.