]n recent years, Iran's health system has faced multiple crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, economic sanctions, and natural disasters. Under such conditions, health system resilience, defined as the ability to anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and recover from shocks, plays a critical role in maintaining the continuity of essential health services. Despite its importance, comprehensive evidence on the factors influencing the resilience of Iran's health system in the context of compound crises remains limited. This study aimed to identify and explain the factors influencing the resilience of Iran's health system and to develop a proposed conceptual framework based on qualitative findings. This qualitative study adopted an interpretative phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 32 purposively selected participants, including health policymakers, health system managers, public health experts, and disaster management specialists. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach with the support of MAXQDA 2022 software. The analysis identified seven major themes: governance and leadership, human resources for health, infrastructure and resource management, health information systems, community and private sector engagement, adaptive capacity and institutional agility, and everyday resilience and organizational learning. The findings revealed that fragmented governance, workforce burnout, vulnerable infrastructure, fragmented health information systems, and weak organizational learning were among the major barriers to strengthening health system resilience. Conversely, the extensive primary healthcare network and the experience gained from managing the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as important resilience capacities within Iran's health system. Overall, the findings suggest that strengthening health system resilience requires coordinated reforms in governance, human resource development, resilient infrastructure, health information systems, community engagement, and institutionalized organizational learning. The proposed conceptual framework provides an evidence-informed basis for health policymaking, strategic planning, and the design of interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience of Iran's health system in future crises. However, further empirical validation of this framework through quantitative and mixed-methods studies is recommended.