Introduction
The world have witnessed the increase in natural disasters, which requires the active participation of people in their management. Local communities play an important role in building flexibility and resilience in effective natural disaster management. The neighborhood emergency response teams (NERTs) are not only essential for urban crisis management institutions, but also important in crisis management policy. Evaluating the performance of these groups is one of the challenges in urban crisis management. 
Regarding the voluntary participation of citizens in the management of natural disasters, there are various theories and models such as the expectancy-value theory, social exchange theory, social identity theory and social capital theory. In short, the expectancy-value theory emphasizes the importance of citizens’ understanding of their participation as a meaningful and effective action. Complementing this perspective, the social exchange theory suggests that when individuals anticipate mutual benefits in participatory actions such as voluntary urban crisis management activities with benefits such as social approval, networking, or a sense of belonging, their participation in crisis management activities will increase. On the other hand, the social identity theory deals with the psychological aspects of participation and how people come to see themselves as a group member. Finally, the social capital theory provides insights into the aggregate of resources, including time, skills, and expertise, for voluntarily participation during natural disasters. Using these theories, this study aims to explore the motivational factors that cause citizens to voluntary participate in natural disaster management and contribute to the resilience of NERTs. We also measure the performance of neighborhood emergency response volunteers (DAVAM groups) in Tehran, Iran. 

Methods
This is descriptive-correlational quantitative survey. The study population consists of the members of DAVAM groups from all 22 districts of Tehran. A convenience sampling method was used for recruiting participants. The sample size using G*power software, version 3.1.9.7 was determined 328. By considering a 20% sample dropout, it increased to 395. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire measuring different performance dimensions in DAVAM groups. After excluding incomplete questionnaires, the data of 380 volunteers were used for analysis. The data analysis was done using path analysis.

Results
The findings showed that group stability and perpetuation (β=0.326), satisfaction with membership in the group (β=0.226) and commitment to the group (β=0.214) had a significant direct effect on group loyalty. Also, group stability and perpetuation (β=0.623) and satisfaction with membership in the group (β=0.137) had a significant direct effect on commitment to the group. Group stability and perpetuation (β=0.630) had a significant direct effect on satisfaction with membership in the group. Moreover, group stability and perpetuation (β=0.295) and satisfaction with membership in the group (β=0.029) had a significant indirect effect on group loyalty. Also, group stability and perpetuation (β=0.087) had a significant indirect effect on commitment to the group. 
Etiology of dropout from the group (β=0.220), satisfaction with membership in the group (β=0.312) and commitment to the group (β=0.334) had a significant direct effect on group loyalty. Also, etiology of dropout from the group (β=0.176) and satisfaction with membership in the group (β=0.485) had a significant effect on commitment to the group. Etiology of dropout from the group (β=0.256) had a significant direct effect on satisfaction with membership in the group. Moreover, etiology of dropout from the group (β=0.180) and satisfaction with membership in the group (β=0.162) had a significant indirect effect on group loyalty. Also, etiology of dropout from the group (β=0.124) had a significant indirect effect on commitment to the group. 

Conclusion
The results of this research showed that active participation in DAVAM groups is affected by psychological, interpersonal and organizational factors. When volunteers perceive a strong sense of in-group identity in these groups, they may show higher levels of commitment, satisfaction, and loyalty. If there are tensions or negative interactions with other volunteer groups or organizations (conflicts of interest with organizations operating in parallel with the DAVAM groups), it may affect the commitment and satisfaction of volunteers. On the other hand, effective leadership that strengthens the out-group identity can minimize the internal conflicts of the volunteers and lead to a positive impact on their commitment and satisfaction. 

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
In this study, all ethical principles were observed. Since no experiments on animal or human samples were conducted, no ethical code was obtained.

Funding
This article was extracted from a research project conducted by the Research Institute for Humanities and Social Studies of ACECR and funded by the Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center (TURPC) and the Tehran Research and Planning Center.

Authors' contributions
The authors contributed equally to preparing this paper.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Tehran Research and Planning Center, the Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center (TURPC), and the Research Institute for Humanities and Social Studies of ACECR for their support and cooperation.



 

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