Introduction
With the advancement of technology and the application of management knowledge in various organizations, employees who work in service and safety organizations, such as fire departments, face many challenges in crisis management, which can affect their physical and mental health and ultimately their job performance. Crisis management refers to the ability to manage crises through integration with other systems and tools. Crisis management is not only about preparation activities and tasks that must be performed during a crisis, but also emphasizes on identifying and predicting the cause of crises and how to recognize them based on the type of disasters.
Since firefighters deal with major stressors daily, including life-threatening missions and exposure to physical and mental injuries, adverse weather conditions and hazardous materials, more attention should be paid to their job-related factors, such as job adaptability, job commitment, job satisfaction and job performance. Some studies have indicated the positive effect of job satisfaction on job performance. The mediating role of job satisfaction can be explained based on achieving a series of needs such as relationship with colleagues and managers, working conditions and promotion opportunities. Commitment in an organization also has significant effects on the job performance of employees. Job commitment can affect job quality and workforce productivity. Therefore, it is necessary for organizations to prepare the ground for increasing the job commitment of employees to improve their job satisfaction and job performance. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship of career adaptability and job commitment with the job performance of employees in fire departments.
Methods
This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 80 employees of the Fire Department In Qom Province, Iran, who were selected by simple random sampling method. Among them, 60 people completed the questionnaires completely. Four questionnaires were used to collect data:
Song et al. (2023) 12-item career adapt-ability scale, Blau & Boal’s 8-item job commitment scale, Irawanto et al.’s 5-item job satisfaction scale and
Sony and Mekoth’s (2016) 5-item job performance scale. The items of questionnaires were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=completely disagree, 2=disagree, 3=no opinion, 4=agree, 5=completely agree). The data analysis was done using structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach in Warp PLS software, version 7.0.
Results
Job commitment had a significant relationship with job satisfaction (t=0.687, P<0.001). The relationship of career adaptability with job satisfaction was not significant (P=0.087). The relationship of job satisfaction with job performance was significant (t=0.321, P=0.004). The relationship of job commitment with job performance mediated by job satisfaction was significant (t=0.221, P<0.001). The relationship of career adaptability with job performance was not significant even after mediation by job satisfaction (P>0.05).
Conclusion
Job commitment in employees of the Fire Department in Qom Province has no significant direct relationship with their job performance; however, it has an indirect significant relationship with their job performance after mediation by job satisfaction. Their career adaptability has no significant relationship with job satisfaction. This means that the Fire Department employees might not be satisfied with their working conditions due to some shortcomings in the organization, despite adaptation to their difficult job conditions. There is no significant relationship between career adaptability and job performance in fire department employees, even after mediation by job satisfaction.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this study. A written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, visualization, resources, review & editing: All authors; writing initial draft: Nayyereh; Eskandari; Supervision: Ali Hamidizade.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the personnel of the Fire Department in Qom who participated in this study for their cooperation.
References
Abdollahi, A., Dehyadegari, S., Forghani, M. A., & Shahabi, E. (2024). Validating the identification and control model of effective factors in strategic crisis management in road accidents. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 15(1), 75-86. [Link]
Affum-Osei, E., Adom Asante, E., Kwarteng Forkouh, S., & Abdul-Nasiru, I. (2020). Career adaptability and ambidextrous behavior among customer-service representatives: The role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 40(1), 4-18. [DOI:10.1080/08853134.2019.1594241]
Agarwal, R. N. (2015). Stress, job satisfaction and job commitment’s relation with attrition with special reference to Indian IT sector. Management and Innovation for Competitive Advantage. [Link]
Ahmad, R., & Imam, H. (2022). Roles of competencies, career shock, and satisfaction in caree commitment: Evidence from project-based organizations. Project Leadership and Society, 3, 100052. [DOI:10.1016/j.plas.2022.100052]
Akbarzade, D., Akbarzade, H., & Panahali, A. (2014). [The relationship between organizational commitment, resilience and mental health with job burnout in Fire Department Employees in Tabriz(Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief, 6(3), 57-70.[Link]
Alariki, G., & Al-Abed, M. S. (2021). The impact of crisis management on employee’s performance in the Yemeni Oil and Gas Industry. Journal of Impact, 2(1), 16-27. [DOI:10.48110/joi.v2i1.17]
Alavi Langrodi, S. K., & Ghafori, H. (2015). [The relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and professional burnout of high school teachers in Khatam City (Persian)]. Journal of New Approach In Educational Administration, 6(3), 85-109. [Link]
Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees’ motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21-30. [DOI:10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3]
Amin, S., Arshad, R., & Abdul Ghani, R. (2017). Spousal support and subjective career success: The role of work-family balance and career commitment as mediator. Jurnal Pengurusan (UKM Journal of Management), n 50 (2017), 1-15. [Link]
Andam, R., Montazeri, A., & Abavisani, A. (2015). [The relationship between work ethic, job commitment and job performance among employees of the offices of sport and youth in Khorasan Razavi Province (Persian)]. Contemporary Studies on Sport Management, 5(10), 61-72. [Link]
Askari, M., Ebrahimi, M., & Poorsaeid, M. M. (2017). [Investigating the effect of organizational influencing factors on the performance of employees of organizations in charge of crisis (case study: Kerman municipality's fire department and safety services) (Persian)]. Crisis Management Studies, 8(31), 9-42. [Link]
Awoyemi, O. O., & Odefadehan, O. O. (2017). Job satisfaction as correlates of career commitment of librarians in selected universities in Ekiti and Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Library and Information Science Studies, 3(1), 1-15. [Link]
Babajani Mohammadi, S. (2022). [The affect of organizational culture on job satisfaction with mederating of work commitment in the Khorasan Razavi railway movement office (Persian)]. Intelligent Knowledge Exploration and Processing, 1(3), 66-79. [DOI:10.30508/kdip.2022.325876.1024]
Berliana, M., Siregar, N., & Gustian, H. D. (2018). The model of job satisfaction and employee performance. International Review of Management and Marketing, 8(6), 41-46. [Link]
Blau, G., & Boal, K. (1989). Using job involvement and organizational commitment interactively to predict turnover. Journal of Management, 15(1), 115-127. [DOI:10.1177/014920638901500110]
Chen, H., Fang, T., Liu, F., Pang, L., Wen, Y., & Chen, S., et al. (2020). Career adaptability research: A literature review with scientific knowledge mapping in web of science. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5986. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17165986]
Dan, C. I., Roşca, A. C., & Mateizer, A. (2020). Job crafting and performance in firefighters: The role of work meaning and work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 894. [Link]
Davidescu, A. A., Apostu, S. A., Paul, A., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees-Implications for sustainable human resource management. Sustainability, 12(15), 6086. [DOI:10.3390/su12156086]
Du, Y., Zhang, L., & Chen, Y. (2016). From creative process engagement to performance: Bidirectional support. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(7), 966-982. [DOI:10.1108/LODJ-03-2015-0046]
Dwyer, R. E. (2023). Job polarization in the United States in the 21st century studying shifts in employment structures using occupations and sectors (No. 2023/07). JRC Working Papers Series on Labour, Education and Technology. [Link]
Ebenehi, A. S., Rashid, A. M., & Bakar, A. R. (2016). Predictors of career adaptability skill among higher education students in Nigeria. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 3(3), 212-229. [DOI:10.13152/IJRVET.3.3.3]
Esmaeili, M. R., & Seidzadeh, H. (2017). [The survey of job satisfaction eeffect on performance with mediating role of organizational loyalty (Persian)]. Management Studies in Development and Evolution, 25(83), 51-68. [DOI:10.22054/jmsd.2017.7478]
Fathizadeh, S., Hassani, M., & Ghalavandi, H. (2019). [Investigating the effect of transformational leadership and spirituality on turnover intention and job satisfaction; the mediating role of resiliency, career adaptability and job involvement (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 7(5), 1-9. [Link]
Ginevra, M. C., Magnano, P., Lodi, E., Annovazzi, C., Camussi, E., & Patrizi, P., et al. (2018). The role of career adaptability and courage on life satisfaction in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 62(1), 1-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.002]
Haibo, Y., Xiaoyu, G., Xiaoming, Z., & Zhijin, H. (2018). Career adaptability with or without career identity: How career adaptability leads to organizational success and individual career success? Journal of Career Assessment, 26(4), 717-731. [DOI:10.1177/1069072717727454]
Hamidizade, A., & Shariati, S. (2021). [Strutural equation modeling with warp PLS 7.0. (Persian)]. Tehran: Negahe-e- Danesh-e- Novin. [Link]
Hassan, M., Azmat, U., Sarwar, S., Adil, I. H., & Gillani, S. H. M. (2020). Impact of job satisfaction, job stress and motivation on job performance: A case from private Universities of Karachi. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Kuwait Chapter), 9(2), 76-86. [DOI:10.12816/0056346]
Hasanzade, F., & Keshtro, M. (2022). [Investigating the factors affecting firefighting performance in crisis management (Persian)]. New Research Approaches in Management and Accounting, 6(23), 1648-1656. [Link]
Hennekam, S. (2016). Vitality of older workers and its relationship with performance, career satisfaction and career success. Management & Avenir, 83(1), 15-32. [DOI:10.3917/mav.083.0015]
Heydari, A., Ostadtaghizadeh, A., Ardalan, A., Ebadi, A., Mohammadfam, I., & Khorasani-Zavareh, D. (2021). Exploring the criteria and factors affecting firefighters’ resilience: A qualitative study. Chinese Journal of Traumatology, 25(2), 107-114. [DOI:10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.06.001]
Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2021). Work from Home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96. [DOI:10.3390/economies9030096]
Javed, M., Balouch, R., & Hassan, F. (2014). Determinants of job satisfaction and its impact on employee performance and turnover intentions. International Journal of Learning & Development, 4(2), 120-140. [DOI:10.5296/ijld.v4i2.6094]
Jie, C. (2023). Impact of career adaptability and job satisfaction on E-commerce evidence from vocational collages in jiangxi province. Journal of Roi Kaensarn Academi, 8(9), 500-513. [Link]
Johnston, C. S. (2018). A systematic review of the career adaptability literature and future outlook. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(1), 3-30. [DOI:10.1177/1069072716679921]
Kasrae, Y., Zirak, M., Akbari, M., Momeni, H., & Mehdipor, Y. (2022). [Validation of the model of job performance of human resources in the light of electronic learning in Melli Bank (Persian)]. Journal of Green Management, 4(2), 133-156. [Link]
Lemonakis, C., & Zairis, A. (2020). Crisis management and the public sector: Key trends and perspectives. In A. Rozanov, A. Barannikov, O. Belyaeva, & M. Smirnov (Eds), Public sector crisis management. London: IntechOpen. [DOI:10.5772/intechopen.90855]
Loan, L. M. (2020). The influence of organizational commitment on employees’ job performance: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 10(14), 3307-3312. [DOI:10.5267/j.msl.2020.6.007]
Luo, X., Wang, H., Raithel, S., & Zheng, Q. (2015). Corporate social performance, analyst stock recommendations, and firm future returns. Strategic Management Journal, 36(1), 123-136. [DOI:10.1002/smj.2219]
Martinez, N., Kilag, O. K., & Macario, R. (2023). The Impact of organizational culture on leadership strategies in crisis management. Excellencia: International Multi-disciplinary Journal of Education (2994-9521), 1(5), 454-466. 44. [Link]
Mizrak, K. C. (2024). Crisis management and risk mitigation: Strategies for effective response and resilience. Trends, Challenges, and Practices in Contemporary Strategic Management, 254-278. [DOI:10.4018/979-8-3693-1155-4.ch013]
Maghami, M., & Gholipoor, A. (2022). [Investigating the effect of knowledge management on organization performance with an emphasis on the role of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior (case study: Pasargad Bank in Tehran) (Persian)]. Journal of Development & Evolution Mnagement, 13, 69-80. [Link]
Mohammadi fateh, O., Monavariyan, A., & Nourouzi, S. (2023). [Improving job performance through mindfulness in the light of creativity, creative participation, and humble leadership (Persian)]. Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(4), 92-111. [Link]
Moghtaderi Isfahani, A., & Mehdad, A. (2021). [Mediating role of intrinsic work motivation in relationship between job commitment and professional ethics with firefighters' extra-role performance (Persian)]. Tibbi-i-Kar, 13(3), 9-23. [DOI:10.18502/tkj.v13i3.8195]
Nisar, S. K., & Rasheed, M. I. (2020). Stress and performance: Investigating relationship between occupational stress, career satisfaction, and job performance of police employees. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(1), e1986. [DOI:10.1002/pa.1986]
Ohme, M., & Zacher, H. (2015). Job performance ratings: The relative importance of mental ability, conscientiousness, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 161-170. [DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.01.003]
Omar, S., & Tajudeen, F. P. (2020). The influence of career adaptability and career commitment to minimize intention to leave among ICT professionals. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (IJHCITP), 11(2), 23-38. [DOI:10.4018/IJHCITP.2020040102]
Pratama, E. N., Suwarni, E., & Handayani, M. A. (2022). The effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on turnover intention with person organization fit as moderator variable. Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM), 6(1), 74-82. [DOI:10.33050/atm.v6i1.1722]
Qureshi, M. A., & Hamid, K. (2017). Impact of supervisor support on job satisfaction: A moderating role of fairness perception. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(3), 235-242. [Link]
Rajak, B., & Pandey, M. (2017). Exploring the relationship between job commitment and job satisfaction through a review of literature. Management Insight-The Journal of Incisive Analysers, 13(1), 74-79. [Link]
Raharjo, K., & Achmad Rinaldo Fernandes, A. (2018). The influence of organizational cuture and job design on job commitment and human resource performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(7), 1346-1367. [DOI:10.1108/JOCM-07-2017-0286]
Rezaee, S., & Akbari, H. (2022). [Predicting job satisfaction based on job flexibility and commitment in teachers (Persian)]. Paper presented at: National Conference of New Findings in Management, Psychology and Accounting, 27 July 2022; Tehran, Iran. [Link]
Rezaee, M., Mirbazegh, S. F., Kordbagheri, M. R., & Varaei, S. (2021).[Factors affecting job satisfaction in nurses who working in the Emergency Department. Hakim, 24 (1), 7. [Link]
Rossier, J., Zecca, G., Stauffer, S. D., Maggiori, C., & Dauwalder, J. P. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in a French-speaking Swiss sample: Psychometric properties and relationships to personality and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 734-743. [DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.004]
Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. In R. W. Lent, & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 147-183) (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. [Link]
Shaima, M. H., & Kalaiselvi, K. (2023). An empirical study on employee commitment and job performance of private sector employees. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1S), 3331-3342. [DOI:10.17762/sfs.v10i1S.639]
Shir Mohammadzadeh, M., Ghasemzadeh Alishahi, A., & Kazemzadeh Beytali, M.(2018). [The mediator role of occupational self-efficacy in the relationship between professional development and job commitment and satisfaction among sports and the youth department’s staff (Persian)]. Journal of Ergonomics, 6(1), 30-39. [Link]
Song, C., Hashim, S. B., Xu, X., & Ling, H. (2023). Career adapt-ability scale-short form: Validation among early career stage of Chinese university graduates. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1110287. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1110287]
Sony, M., & Mekoth, N. (2016). The relationship between emotional intelligence, frontline employee adaptability, job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 20-32. [DOI:10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.12.003]
Sumarmi, S., Sari, D. N., & Muchran, M. (2022). The effect of career adaptability and work motivation on employee performance. Proceedings of the 1st UPY International Conference on Education and Social Science (UPINCESS 2022), 391-399. [DOI:10.2991/978-2-494069-39-8_36]
Sutanti, M., & Sandroto, C. W. (2021). Core self-evaluation and job satisfaction: Mediating role of career commitment. Review of Management and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 93-112. [DOI:10.37715/rme.v5i2.1647]
Tolentino, L. R., Sedoglavich, V., Lu, V. N., Garcia, P. R. J. M., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2014). The role of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 403-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.09.002]
Uy, F., Kilag, O. K., Abendan, C. F., Macapobre, K., Cañizares, M. C., & Yray, F. (2023). Application of adaptive crisis management theory: The dynamics of leadership in times of crisis. Excellencia: International Multi-disciplinary Journal of Education (2994-9521), 1(5), 159-170. 67. [Link]
Wut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S. M. (2021). Crisis management research (1985-2020) in the hospitality and tourism industry: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 85, 104307. [DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307]
Yaghoubi, M., Farrokh Seresht, B., Agha Ahmadi, G., & Taghi Pourian, M. J. (2022). Job commitment model (as part of professional ethics) in employees of public organizations. International Journal of Ethics and Society, 3(4), 5. [DOI:10.52547/ijethics.3.4.33]
YahyazadehJeloudar, S. (2022). [Ability to predict the job performance of the staff of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts based on the components of cultural intelligence, based on gender control (Persian)]. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 11(40), 211-231. [DOI:10.22080/jtpd.2022.23130.3661]
Yen, H. C., Cheng, J. W., Hsu, C. T., & Yen, K. C. (2019). How career adaptability can enhance career satisfaction: Exploring the mediating role of person-job fit. Journal of Management & Organization, 29(5), 912-929. [DOI:10.1017/jmo.2019.75]
Yvonne, W., Abdull Rahman, R. H., & Long, C. S. (2014). Employee job satisfaction and job performance: A case study in a franchised retail chain organization. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 8(17), 1875-1883. [DOI:10.19026/rjaset.8.1176]
Zacher, H., & Griffin, B. (2015). Older workers’ age as a moderator of the relationship between career adaptability and job satisfaction. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(2), 227-236. [DOI:10.1093/workar/wau009]