Introduction
Iemote sensing yields valuable data for various aspects of hazard management, including early warning systems, damage assessment, and resource allocation. This aids in monitoring and predicting natural hazards, evaluating their impact, and facilitating efficient response and recovery efforts. Often, the adoption of new technologies is driven by the imperative to rapidly gather critical information for disaster management, enabling emergency responders to assess the impact of major disasters more efficiently and monitor recovery and response operations’ progress. 
Examples of technology implementation during significant disasters, such as Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, showcased the potential use of GIS for damage assessment and recovery. Similarly, Hurricane Charley in 2004 demonstrated the effectiveness of GPS-based field navigation technologies in mitigating damage and destruction in a timely manner.
These events underscore the importance of utilizing time-critical information for making crucial decisions during disasters. Remote sensing stands out as a technology with a significant impact on risk management over the past decade. Leveraging high-spatial resolution optical imagery and active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and LiDAR, remote sensing technology plays a vital role in quantifying post-disaster damage, monitoring recovery progress, and developing information about urban infrastructure. 
One of the main drivers behind this rapid development has been the availability of commercially accessible high spatial resolution satellite imagery, which was previously primarily accessible to government agencies, notably military entities. The impact of this technology on risk management has been remarkably significant. This paper concentrates on assessing the efficacy of remote sensing technologies across all aspects of hazard management, encompassing preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. 
To illustrate the effectiveness of remote sensing across these four areas, historical cases and recent examples of hazards such as the Marmara Earthquake in Turkey, the Bam Earthquake in Iran, and the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami have been examined. Additionally, the paper briefly discusses potential future directions for remote sensing in hazard management, exploring both advancements and challenges in realizing its broader application in future hazards. 

Methods 
To elucidate the effectiveness of remote sensing technology in risk management, particularly concerning inventory development, damage estimation, and field surveying, this research focuses on the cities of Marmara in Turkey, Bam in Iran, and the Indian Ocean region. These areas experienced extensive damage due to earthquakes in 1999, 2003, and 2004 respectively. The research methodology employed here is library-analytical. By reviewing existing studies and research in the field of risk management and analyzing their findings, the paper elucidates the role of remote sensing across all aspects of crisis management, including preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.

Results 
This study evaluated and investigated the capability of remote sensing technology, along with satellite imagery, in all aspects of crisis management, including preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. Specifically, it focused on inventory development, instantaneous damage estimation, and field diagnosis. Analysis of the results revealed that remote sensing technology demonstrates significant efficiency in assessing damage post-disaster, monitoring post-disaster recovery and reconstruction progress, and gathering information about urban infrastructure. In terms of inventory development, compiling a comprehensive and accurate database of critical infrastructures proves effective in estimating actual damages post-hazard occurrence. Moreover, in the context of mitigation and preparedness, there’s an increasing demand for precise inventories of the built environment to conduct vulnerability assessments, estimate repair costs, assess insurer liability, and aid in relief planning. A significant advantage of remote sensing inventories lies in their relatively easy updating, particularly crucial at the city level scale, where satellite imagery provides an overview for planning departments to monitor urban growth, especially regarding damages caused by urban settlements and critical infrastructure like roads, pipelines, and bridges. Immediate damage detection after a hazard, whether natural or man-made, initiates the response process by providing crucial information to prioritize relief efforts, direct first responders to critical locations, and optimize response time and initial damage estimation. The analysis revealed that damage estimation can be approached through direct and indirect methods. In the direct approach, damage is detected by observing object characteristics or temporal changes, while in the indirect approach, damage is identified through surrogate markers. GPS-based technologies have significantly improved field detection efforts after major disasters. Traditional post-disaster damage assessment methods typically involve manual field surveys, where damage indicators are recorded in spreadsheets along with general damage states. However, the use of GPS-based systems has shown to significantly expedite land mapping data collection processes.

Conclusion 
In recent decades, remote sensing technology has seen extensive use in quantifying the impact of earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, forest fires, and terrorist attacks. This research focused on utilizing remote sensing technologies for natural hazard management in Marmara, Turkey; Bam, Iran; and the Indian Ocean, aiming to enhance human understanding of the built environment’s vulnerability to such hazards and improve assessment methods for their impact on urban areas. The findings of this research demonstrate that remote sensing technology, leveraging high-resolution satellite imagery, can effectively contribute to all facets of crisis management. It enables the creation of comprehensive databases documenting building existence before and after natural hazards, aiding in the explanation of damages incurred. However, the accessibility of high-resolution satellite images often comes with a cost, posing a limitation on their widespread use in natural hazard management. This financial aspect should be carefully considered by experts and planners in this field.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research.

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.

Authors' contributions
All authors equally contribute to preparing all parts of the research.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.





References