Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as the most challenging global concern in recent years, had negative effects on human life, forcing countries in the world to adopt strategies to manage and deal with its consequences. By examining and evaluating the experiences and results of implementing these strategies, it is possible to have a broad view of dealing with pandemics in various political, economic, and social fields to be prepared for future crises. This systematic review aims to identify these strategies for dealing with COVID-19 and to determine the necessary facilities for their implementation. 

Method
This is a systematic review study conducted in the following steps: setting research questions, searching the literature, selecting eligible articles, extracting data and evaluating their quality and validity, and reporting the outcome. Content analysis was used to identify coping strategies and facilities. Two researchers evaluated the quality of found articles using the MAXQDA software, version 2020.

Results 
Of 1400 records including books, papers and scientific reports, 43 were selected for the review. Based on the findings, three main strategies for managing the COVID-19 pandemic were extracted including elimination strategies, suppression strategies, and mitigation strategies. The elimination strategy included long-term quarantine, followed by a precautionary period. If this strategy was successful, it would be possible to return to normal life within national borders, but borders remain closed throughout the pandemic. The suppression strategy, aimed at reducing the number of infected cases, included traveling restrictions applied shortly after the elimination strategy. In other words, quarantines and border closures are applied when traveling increases (due to the holidays, for example) and are lifted when it traveling decreases. The mitigation strategy allows economic and social activities to continue, but quarantine is imposed only at the peak level of the pandemic and is usually removed after two weeks or one month when the peak curve is flattened. There were 29 subcategories including complete lockdown, closure of borders, economic support for businesses, providing correct and timely information, research and development of vaccines, and vaccinations. The needed facilities for implementing these strategies included a strong economy, the right organizational culture and structure, software/hardware infrastructure, and financial flexibility. South Korea did not use strict measures such as complete lock-down and focused more on strategies such as extensive screening of people and isolation of suspected cases. China, unlike South Korea, imposed a complete lock-down, ignoring international reactions and banned all social activities and traveling. The reports from other countries indicates that, to achieve success and in case of inability or agreement with strict measures such as complete lock-down, it is necessary to implement a complete and coordinated set of strategies to reduce the social and economic effects of the disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the countries that implemented low or irregular strategies failed and suffered huge financial and human losses.

Conclusion
The first and most obvious priority of governments during pandemics is to prevent the spread of the virus and curb mortality followed by the attempts to reduce the negative economic and social effects. The implementation of a series of complementary coping and control strategies in the shortest possible time will have the best results. Strict strategies such as complete lockdown can only be implemented in some countries due to the need for authoritarian management and extensive facilities and resources. There are other effective strategies such as closure of places such as schools and unnecessary markets and remote work which are planned for social distancing. these strategies can be implemented in most countries under different conditions, if accompanied by complementary strategies such as economic support for businesses and individuals, emergency management of financial and human resources and correct provision of information. A strong economy and efficient government as well as digital facilities such as high-speed internet and centralized database are needed before any crisis in countries to prevent facing uncontrollable issues. 
Based on past experiences, community culture-based resources (e.g. teamwork, empathy and cooperation, legitimacy, and social mobilization) can be prepared by people at any time, depending on rich social capital. Improving public services and social welfare, financial flexibility and strong budget management, continuous monitoring of the performance of organizations to control the organizational structure and corruption, creating the culture of adherence to the rules, creating a comprehensive, integrated and accessible central database for all organizations, the formulation of strong laws and proper delegation of responsibilities to avoid parallel work, as well as the strengthening the Internet infrastructure should be considered by governments before and during a pandemic. Future studies can use our findings and examine the positive and negative effects of the mentioned strategies. Besides, the results of this study can be used in development of a roadmap that explains the strategies and infrastructures are necessary to manage and deal with a pandemic.

Ethical Considerations

Funding
This paper is derived from the master's thesis of Bentolhoda Asgari’s, approved by Department of Financial Science, Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Financial Science, University of Kashan. 

Authors' contributions
The authors contributed equally to preparing this paper. 

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.


References
Abu El Kheir-Mataria, W., El-Fawal, H., & Chun, S. (2023). Global health governance performance during Covid-19, what needs to be changed? A delphi survey study. Globalization and Health, 19(1), 24. [DOI:10.1186/s12992-023-00921-0] [PMID]
Almutairi, F. A. (2021). From marketing to crisis management: How key messages changed during corona pandemic in Saudi food industry. Marketing i menedžment innovacij, (2), S. 179 - 190. [Link]
Alanezi, F., Aljahdali, A., Alyousef, S. M., Alrashed, H., Mushcab, H., & AlThani, B., et al. (2020). A comparative study on the strategies adopted by the United Kingdom, India, China, Italy, and Saudi Arabia to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 12, 117-131. [DOI:10.2147/JHL.S266491] [PMID]
AlTakarli, N. S. (2020). China’s response to the covid-19 outbreak: A model for epidemic preparedness and management. Dubai Medical Journal, 3(2), 44-49. [DOI:10.1159/000508448]
Antonides, G., & van Leeuwen, E. (2021). Covid-19 crisis in the Netherlands: Only together we can control Corona. Mind & Society, 20(2), 201-207. [DOI:10.1007/s11299-020-00257-x]
Ashraf, B. N. (2020). Economic impact of government interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: International evidence from financial markets. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 100371. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100371] [PMID]
Bapuji, H., Patel, C., Ertug, G., & Allen, D. G. (2020). Corona crisis and inequality: Why management research needs a societal turn. Journal of Management, 46 (7), 1205-1222. [DOI:10.1177/0149206320925881]
Besley, T., & Stern, N. (2020). The economics of lockdown. Fiscal Studies, 41(3), 493-513. [DOI:10.1111/1475-5890.12246] [PMID]
Birthare, P., Raja, M., Ramachandran, G., Hargreaves, C. A., & Birthare, S. (2023). Covid Live Multi-Threaded Live COVID 19 Data Scraper. In: U. Vanish, R. Parvathi, & R. Goncalves. Structural and functional aspects of biocomputing systems for data processing (pp. 28-56). Pennsylvania: IGI Global. [DOI:10.4018/978-1-6684-6523-3.ch002]
Biswas, D., & Alfandari, L. (2022). Designing an optimal sequence of non‐pharmaceutical interventions for controlling COVID-19. European Journal of Operational Research, 303(3), 1372-1391. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.052] [PMID]
Caduff, C. (2020). What went wrong: Corona and the world after the full stop. Medical Athropology Quarterly, 34 (4), 467-487. [DOI:10.1111/maq.12599] [PMID]
Caligiuri, P., De Cieri, H., Minbaeva, D., Verbeke, A., & Zimmermann, A. (2020). International HRM insights for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for future research and practice. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(5), 697-713. [DOI:10.1057/s41267-020-00335-9] [PMID]
Cary, M., & Stephens, H. (2023). Gendered consequences of COVID-19 among professional tennis players. Journal of Sports Economics, 24(2), 241-266. [DOI:10.1177/15270025221120591]
Chang, M. C., Baek, J. H., & Park, D. (2020). Lessons from South Korea regarding the early stage of the covid-19 outbreak. Healthcare, 8 (3), 229. [DOI:10.3390/healthcare8030229] [PMID]
Chazireni, E., Mudzengi, B. K., & Mutanda, G. W. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 on economic development in Zimbabwe: Implications on the health delivery system. In: L. Chapungu, D. Chikodzi, & K. Dube (Eds), The covid-19-health systems nexus: Emerging trends, issues and dynamics in Zimbabwe (pp. 221-235). Cham: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-21602-2_11]
Chowdhury, R., Luhar, S., Khan, N., Choudhury, S. R., Matin, I., & Franco, O. H. (2020). Long-term strategies to control COVID-19 in low and middle-income countries: An options overview of community-based, non-pharmacological interventions. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 743-748. [DOI:10.1007/s10654-020-00660-1] [PMID]
Chowdhury, N. R., Janan, F., Mahmud, P., Liza, S. A., & Paul, S. K. (2023). Assessing strategies to mitigate the impacts of a pandemic in apparel supply chains. Operations Management Research, 1-17. [DOI:10.1007/s12063-022-00345-w]
Christensen, T., & Lægreid, P. (2020). The coronavirus crisis-crisis communication, meaning-making, and reputation management. International Public Management Journal, 23(5), 713-729. [DOI:10.1080/10967494.2020.1812455]
Citi, M., & de la Porte, C. (2022). NGEU and vaccines strategy in the wake of the covid‐19 pandemic: Outgrowing the regulatory state. Journal of Common Market Studies, 10.1111/jcms.13414. Advance online publication. [DOI:10.1111/jcms.13414] [PMID]
Collins, A., Florin, M. V., & Renn, O. (2020). COVID-19 risk governance: Drivers, responses and lessons to be learned. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 1073-1082. [DOI:10.1080/13669877.2020.1760332]
Cohen, J., & Kupferschmidt, K. (2020). Countries test tactics in ‘war’against COVID-19. Science, 367(6484), 1287-1288. [DOI:10.1126/science.367.6484.1287] [PMID]
De Villiers, C., & Molinari, M. (2022). How to communicate and use accounting to ensure buy-in from stakeholders: Lessons for organizations from governments’ COVID-19 strategies. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 35(1), 20-34. [DOI:10.1108/AAAJ-08-2020-4791]
Ding, A. W., & Li, S. (2021). National response strategies and marketing innovations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Business Horizons, 64(2), 295-306. [DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2020.12.005] [PMID]
Elaidy, A. M., Hammoud, M. S., Albatineh, A. N., Ridha, F. M., Hammoud, S. M., & Elsadek, H. M., et al. (2023). Coping strategies to overcome psychological distress and fear during COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 30(1), 1-12. [DOI:10.1186/s43045-023-00285-6]
Ferrari, A. A., Bogner, K., Palacio, V., Crisostomo, D., Seeber, N., & Ebersberger, B. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic as a window of opportunity for more sustainable and circular supply chains. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, 7, 100101. [DOI:10.1016/j.clscn.2023.100101]
Ghasemi, H. (2021). [Research reference (Persian)]. Tehran: Andishe-e-Ara. [Link]
González-Bustamante, B. (2021). Evolution and early government responses to COVID-19 in South America. World Development, 137, 105180. [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105180] [PMID]
Hadjidemetriou, G. M., Sasidharan, M., Kouyialis, G., & Parlikad, A. K. (2020). The impact of government measures and human mobility trend on COVID-19 related deaths in the UK. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 6, 100167. [DOI:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100167] [PMID]
Habersaat, K. B., Betsch, C., Danchin, M., Sunstein, C. R., Böhm, R., & Falk, A., et al. (2020). Ten considerations for effectively managing the COVID-19 transition. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(7), 677-687. [DOI:10.1038/s41562-020-0906-x] [PMID]
Hamisi, N. M., Dai, B., & Ibrahim, M. (2023). Global health security amid covid-19: Tanzanian government’s response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 205. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-023-14991-7] [PMID]
Hong, S. (2023). COVID-19 vaccine communication and advocacy strategy: A social marketing campaign for increasing COVID-19 vaccine uptake in South Korea. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 109. [DOI:10.1057/s41599-023-01593-2] [PMID]
Hossain, I., Mehedi, N., Ali, I., & Azamn, A. (2023). Occupational health of frontline workers during the covid-19 pandemic: Is health and well-being an issue in Bangladesh? Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 80, 18-39. [DOI:10.33788/rcis.80.2]
Hu, Q., & Liu, Y. (2022). Crisis management and national responses to COVID-19: Global perspectives. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(4), 737-750. [DOI:10.1080/15309576.2022.2079692]
Huang, R. H., Liu, D. J., & Zhan, T. (2020). Guidance on Flexible learning during Campus Closures: Ensuring course quality of higher education in COVID-19 outbreak. Beijing: Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University Pub. [Link]
Izda, V., Jeffries, M. A., & Sawalha, A. H. (2021). COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clinical Immunology, 222, 108634. [DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108634] [PMID]
Jerath, A., & Slessarev, M. (2023). The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on sedation in critical care: volatile anesthetics in the ICU. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 29(1), 14-18. [DOI:10.1097/MCC.0000000000001011] [PMID]
Kampe, L., Goehlich, V., & Wüst, K. (2021). The impact of culture on the perception of young Japanese and Germans in the management of the corona crisis by their government. Public Organization Review, 21(4), 759-778. [DOI:10.1007/s11115-021-00592-8]
Kashyap, A., & Raghuvanshi, J. (2020). A preliminary study on exploring the critical success factors for developing COVID-19 preventive strategy with an economy centric approach. Management Research, 18(4), 357-377. [DOI:10.1108/MRJIAM-06-2020-1046]
Kim, M., Cho, W., Choi, H., & Hur, J. (2020). Assessing the South Korean model of emergency management during the covid-19 pandemic. Asian Studies Review, 44 (4), 567-578. [DOI:10.1080/10357823.2020.1779658]
Lee, C. H., Wang, D., Lyu, S., Evans, R. D., & Li, L. (2022). A digital transformation-enabled framework and strategies for public health risk response and governance: China’s experience. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 123(1), 133-154. [DOI:10.1108/IMDS-01-2022-0008]
Li, J., Almentero, B. K., & Besse, C. (2023). Explainable machine learning for drug shortage prediction in a pandemic setting. In: G. Nicosia (Ed), Machine learning, optimization, and data science. 8th International Workshop, LOD 2022, Certosa di Pontignano, Italy, September 19-22, 2022, Revised Selected Papers, Part I (pp. 141-155). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-25599-1_11]
Lin, H., Guo, C., Hu, Y., Liang, H., Shen, W., & Mao, W., et al. (2021). COVID-19 control strategies in Taizhou city, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(9), 632-637. [DOI:10.2471/BLT.20.255778] [PMID]
Lipton, A., & de Prado, M. L. (2022). Mitigation strategies for covid-19: Lessons from the K-SEIR Model calibrated to the observable data. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(6), 248. [DOI:10.3390/jrfm15060248]
Liu, Y., & Froese, F. J. (2020). Crisis management, global challenges, and sustainable development from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 19(3), 271-276. [DOI:10.1057/s41291-020-00124-0]
Majeed, A., Seo, Y., Heo, K., & Lee, D. (2020). Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 369, m2084. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.m2084] [PMID]
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., & Iosifidis, C., et al. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018] [PMID]
Ojokoh, B. A., Aribisala, B., Sarumi, O. A., Gabriel, A. J., Omisore, O., & Taiwo, A. E., et al. (2022). Contact tracing strategies for covid-19 prevention and containment: A scoping review. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 6(4), 111. [DOI:10.3390/bdcc6040111]
Park, J., Kang, S., Seok, D., Baek, Y. J., An, S. Y., & Lee, J., et al. (2023). Barriers against and strategies for malaria control during the COVID-19 pandemic in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Malaria Journal, 22(1), 41. [DOI:10.1186/s12936-023-04452-2] [PMID]
Sabitha, S., Shobana, N., Prakash, P., Padmanaban, S., Sathiyashree, M., & Saigeetha, S., et al. (2022). A review of different vaccines and strategies to combat COVID-19. Vaccines, 10(5), 737. [DOI:10.3390/vaccines10050737] [PMID]
Šantić, D., & Antić, M. (2020). Serbia in the time of COVID-19: Between «corona diplomacy», tough measures and migration management. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61 (4-5), 546-558. [DOI:10.1080/15387216.2020.1780457]
Seuring, S., & Gold, S. (2012). Conducting content‐analysis based literature reviews in supply chain management. Supply Chain Management, 17(5), 544-555. [DOI:10.1108/13598541211258609]
Škorić, L., Glasnović, A., & Petrak, J. (2020). A publishing pandemic during the COVID-19 pandemic: How challenging can it become. Croatian Medical Journal, 61(2), 79–81. [DOI:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.79] [PMID]
Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Mehrotra, A., & Clemensen, J., et al. (2020). Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 26(5), 309-313. [DOI:10.1177/1357633X20916567] [PMID]
Strong, P., Shenvi, A., Yu, X., Papamichail, K. N., Wynn, H., & Smith, J. Q. (2023). Building a Bayesian decision support system for evaluating COVID-19 countermeasure strategies. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 74(2), 476-488. [DOI:10.1080/01605682.2021.2023673]
Stănescu, S. M. (2020). Promoting social resilience in rural areas through social economy in time of the covid-19 pandemic. Strategica, 873-882. [Link]
Storr, V. H., Haeffele, S., Lofthouse, J. K., & Hobson, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship during a pandemic. European Journal of Law and Economics, 54(1), 83–105. [DOI:10.1007/s10657-021-09712-7] [PMID]
Tung, L. T. (2021). Success in combating a pandemic: Role of fast policy responses. World Development Perspectives, 21, 100285. [DOI:10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100285] [PMID]
Tzenios, N., Chahine, M., & Tazanios, M. (2023). Better strategies for Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination. Special Journal of the Medical Academy and other Life Sciences, 1(2). [DOI:10.58676/sjmas.v1i2.11]
Wecker, A. C., Froehlich, C., & Gonçalves, M. A. (2021). Capacidades dinâmicas e estratégias para enfrentamento da crise diante da pandemia da covid-19. Revista Gestão Organizacional, 14 (1), 10-32. [DOI:10.22277/rgo.v14i1.5711]
Wolter, A., Vincentius, M., & Teresa, A. (2023). REBT Integration in Public and Private Outpatient Settings during COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Indonesia. Psychiatry International, 4(2), 79-89. [DOI:10.3390/psychiatryint4020011]
World Health Organization. (2020). Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Geneva: World Health Organization. [Link]
Wynen, J., Op de Beeck, S., Verhoest, K., Glavina, M., Six, F., & Van Damme, P., et al. (2022). Taking a COVID-19 vaccine or not? Do trust in government and trust in experts help us to understand vaccination intention? Administration & Society, 54(10), 1875-1901. [DOI:10.1177/00953997211073459]
Xu, X., Ong, Y. K., & Wang, Y. (2020). Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines. Military Medical Research, 7(1), 22. [DOI:10.1186/s40779-020-00251-x] [PMID]
You, J. (2020). Lessons from South Korea’s Covid-19 policy response. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6-7), 801-808. [DOI:10.1177/0275074020943708]
Yu, X. Y., Xu, C., Wang, H. W., Chang, R. J., Dong, Y. Q., & Tsamlag, L., et al. (2020). Effective mitigation strategy in early stage of COVID-19 pandemic in China. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9 (1), 141. [DOI:10.1186/s40249-020-00759-3] [PMID]
Zhang, S., Hua, L., & Yu, B. (2022). Peak-easing strategies for urban subway operations in the context of COVID-19 epidemic. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 161, 102724. [DOI:10.1016/j.tre.2022.102724] [PMID]
Ziafati Bafarasat, A. (2021). Meta-synthesis of COVID-19 lessons: Charting sustainable management of future pandemics. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 25 (3), 299-322. [DOI:10.1080/12265934.2021.1936136]